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Travels and discoveries in North and Central Africa, Vol. 5 (of 5)

Chapter 81: INDEX.
By Heinrich Barth
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About This Book

A richly detailed travel journal records an extended expedition through regions of the Niger and surrounding Sahel, combining day-by-day diary entries with thematic chapters on geography, commerce, and society. It describes an unusual rise of the river, market life at a great riverside emporium where most goods are imported and limited local manufacture—notably leatherwork—persists, caravan routes from northern oases, and the circulation of gold and salt. The narrative also documents political unrest, military encampments, religious disputes, and everyday material culture, offering ethnographic observations on trade networks, craft production, and the rhythms of urban and camp life.

[130]All the people assured me that the preceding year the rain-fall about this time of the year had been much more considerable. They generally reckon four rainy days in March and three in April, and call this season the Nisán.

APPENDIX VIII.

A FEW REMARKS WITH REGARD TO THE MAPS.

By Dr. A. Petermann.

It was originally intended to compose a full memoir on the subject of the construction of the maps showing Dr. Barth’s travels and researches; but the preparation of the drawings themselves has, up to the last moment, occupied so much time that, in order not still further to delay the publication of these volumes, an apology only for a memoir can be offered. Besides, all the native information and the itineraries, which form the substance of so considerable a portion of the two general maps, have been given at full length in the Appendices to the five volumes. It was also felt that, better than all the most elaborate disquisitions and discussions that could be advanced in such a memoir, will be the test applied to the maps by the Niger Expeditions, which for a period of five years are to proceed both up the Kwára and the Bénuwé by means of steamboats, commanded by experienced naval officers, who will set at rest the true positions of such of Dr. Barth’s points as they may be able to reach. The first expedition which was sent out to follow up Dr. Barth’s discoveries, namely the expedition up the Bénuwé in 1854, commanded by Dr. Baikie, did not, it is true, reach the point where Dr. Barth crossed that river in 1851[131]; but a second expedition will, no doubt, penetrate further. Meanwhile, the present expedition up the Kwára will, it is hoped, reach Say during the present year, and, by fixing the position of that place accurately, will offer an important point of comparison with the results of Dr. Barth’s labours.

After the foregoing remarks, it must at once be distinctly stated that Dr. Barth himself has made no astronomical observations either of latitude or longitude. The best established of Dr. Vogel’s positions, therefore, were made use of in constructing the maps, and consequently they form the basis of most of the routes connected with Múrzuk, Kúkawa, Zínder, and Yákoba. Beyond these points the routes were almost wholly laid down from dead reckoning, with the exception of those from Tripoli to Múrzuk, viâ Mizda, and from Múrzuk to Ghát and Aïr, where Dr. Overweg’s observations of latitude were made available, as well as the only observation of longitude that could be made out from the fragmentary and torn remains of his papers, namely, that of the island of Belárigo in Lake Tsád.[132] It will be seen, therefore, that by far the greater portion of the countries over which Dr. Barth’s labours extend, was laid down either from dead reckoning or from computations of native routes and native information. Thus the whole route from Zínder to Timbúktu, for example, a distance by Dr. Barth’s travelling lines of upwards of 1200 English miles, had to be laid down solely from dead reckoning taken from a very accurately kept journal; and the magnetic variation had to be guessed at. Yet, despite of these shortcomings, the writer hopes that in the construction of these maps, in several of which he was greatly assisted by the original maps laid down by the traveller himself, he has not departed very widely from the truth; and he looks confidently forward to their being tested by the Niger expeditions.

A great deal has been said of late on astronomical observations in connection with African exploration, and it has—in some instances—been represented as if only those travels and explorations which were based on such observations were valuable, while all others were of no value. Assertions made thus indiscriminately are most objectionable, as a careful noting of the bearings and distances of each day’s journey, such as Dr. Barth has made, is far preferable to many astronomical observations which cannot be implicitly relied on; it is only the accurate astronomical observations which deserve to be regarded as well established points in a traveller’s route. In our own case we could adduce many striking instances of the uncertainty of occasional observations. Thus, although Dr. Vogel was an astronomer by profession, fully competent to make observations with care and accuracy; yet, in the construction of Dr. Barth’s own routes, south, south-east, and east from Kúkawa to Ádamáwa, Músgu, and Bagírmi, we saw good reason to reject all Dr. Vogel’s positions bearing upon these routes, as Ujé, Díkowa, Dilhé, Wáza, Kadé (Ádishén), &c. &c., and to prefer simply Dr. Barth’s itineraries of dead reckoning.

Note by Dr. Barth.—In constructing the western sheet of the general maps, no notice has been taken of the fact of Major Laing having entered the desert of Tanezrúfet in 23° 56′ N. (Quarterly Review, 1828, vol. xxxviii. p. 101.) But we do not know whether Laing proceeded by way of Inzíze or by some other route. It is, however, not improbable that Aúlef, the starting point of those routes, lies about twenty miles further south.

The identification of Bot-hadíye with Bakel on the Senegal, is not quite certain; but at all events it is a place at no great distance to the N.W. of it.

[131]The information Dr. Barth was able to collect with reference to the lower part of the Bénuwé, as far as subsequently surveyed by Dr. Baikie, was rather meagre; yet even with regard to those few data, provisionally as they were laid down from Dr. Barth’s original map in A. Petermann’s “Account of the progress of the Expedition to Central Africa, London, 1854,” Dr. Baikie acknowledges the service that map proved to him, and records his testimony both as to the amount and general correctness of the information it contains. (See Dr. Baikie’s “Narrative of an Exploring Voyage in 1854,” p. 446.)

[132]The cardinal points of the maps where astronomical observations had been made by Dr. Vogel, besides Tripoli, are the following:

Longitude E. Latitude N.
Sókna 15° 48′ 30″ 29° 4′ 4″
Múrzuk 14 10 15 25 55 16
Kúkawa 13 24 0 12 55 14
Yákoba 9 31 45 10 20 10
Zária 7 23 10 11 4 46
Bebéji 8 6 25 11 35 30
Zínder 9 2 45 13 47 6

Besides, Dr. Vogel has made astronomical observations at the following places: Bení Ulíd, Enfád, Bonjem, Godfah, Óm el ʿAbíd, Gurméda (wrong name), Sebhá, Bimbéja, Bahr el dúd, Óm el mé, Lake Mandra, Jerma, Ghodwa, Mʿafún, Mastúta, Gatrón, Tejerri, El Áhmar, Má-faras, Jehaye, Ashenúmma, Shemúttero, Bilma, Zau kurá, Ágadem, Bélkashi farri, Kufle, Kibbu, first outlying fresh-water basin, north-western end of the Tsád, Ngégimi, Bárruwa, Yó, Morá, Ujé (Mábani), Máshena, Múniyó (Búne), Zínder, Gújeba, Gebbeh, Gombe, Dan Hajji, Múri, Tindang, Díkowa, Delhé, Wáza, Ádishén (Kadé, residence of Ádishén), frontier of territory of Ádishén, north end of Túburi Lake, Túburi village, mountain on west side of lake. (See the Journal and the Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of 1854-1858. But in the Journal, vol. xxv. p. 242., there is a misprint, the latitude of Kúkawa being given as 12° 15′ 14″.)

Mr. Overweg’s latitudes, besides his observation at Belárigo (14° 50′ 0″ long., 13° 26′ 37″ lat.), relate to the following places: Mizda, Taboníeh, El Hasi, Wádí Ajúnjer, Falésselez, Aísala, Tin-téllust, Ámfisás, island of Gúria in the Tsád, and on his route to the Músgu country, Yédi, Marte, Alla, Del-hé, Zógoma, Mása, five other intermediate stations, and three observations in the district of Wúlia. (See Petermann’s account, p. 15.)

INDEX.

  • Ábare, tribe of Músgu, numbers of them captured for slaves, iii. 236.
  • Ábbega, the freed Marghí lad, iv. 10.
  • ʿAbd-Allah, the learned Tawáti, i. 398.
  • ʿAbd-Alláhi, son of Fódiye and brother of ʿOthmán, iv. 527. His children, iv. 196, note. Notice of his work, 186.
  • ʿAbd el Káder, sultan of Bagírmi, iii. 442.
  • ʿAbd el Káder organizes a religious revolution in Fúta, iv. 628.
  • ʿAbd el Káderi, sultan of Ágades, i. 401. His investiture, 422. His letters, 437. His deposition and his confidence in me, iv. 185.
  • Abíla, mount of Aír, i. 380.
  • Abú Bakr el Wakshhi, first acquaintance, i. 489. His kindness to me in Kátsena, ii. 55.
  • Ábú el Hassan, governor of Támkala, interview with, v. 304. His character and position, 306.
  • Ábú-Gher, village of Bagírmi, market, iii. 386, 568.
  • Ádamáwa, country of, a Mohammedan kingdom engrafted upon a mixed stock of pagan tribes, ii. 414, 500. Character of, 503. A country for colonies, ii. 456. Different character of settlements, 510. Itineraries passing through the districts of, 587.
  • Adansonia digitata, the most common tree through the whole breadth of Central Africa, ii. 157, 362. In Bághena, v. 505. Colossal specimens, ii. 157, 392. Different variety, iv. 71. Peculiar domain, ii. 39. The constant companion of human society, 40, 541. On the Niger, v. 278, 280, 282. Use of the leaves of, for vegetable soup, ii. 15, 314, 388; iv. 35, passim. Use of the fruit for imparting an acid taste, ii. 388.
  • Ádar, governors of, iv. 530. Country of, and towns, i. 556. Limits of, iv. 161.
  • Ádar, well and hamlet in Aússa, v. 485.
  • Ádar-andúrren, “the little creek,” usual ferry on the Niger, v. 247.
  • Ádar-n-háut island and its inhabitants, v. 191.
  • Áderár, country of the Awelímmid, list of wells and pasture grounds of, v. 207, note.
  • Áderér, district described, and Moorish tribes in, v. 535.
  • Ádishén, the Músgu prince, conduct of, towards his female slaves, iii. 164. His reception by the vizier, 181.
  • Áfadé, town and district, iii. 275, 467.
  • Áfagé, town, iii. 150.
  • Afalésselez, character of, arrival at the well, i. 260.
  • African warfare, interesting incident in, v. 189. Cruelty of, iii. 225.
  • Afúlle district and its inhabitants, v. 520.
  • Ágades and its inhabitants described, i. 397-457. Its history, 458. Period of foundation, iv. 593. Its ancient gold trade, i. 467. Prices in market, 479. Identity of its language with that of Timbúktu, 418 (compare iv. 603.). Ground plan of, 475. Dungeon, 421. Great mosque and tower, 449. Investiture of the sultan, 422. Audience hall, 400.
  • Ágata, village and mount, i. 379.
  • Agérijít, village and well, v. 505.
  • Ághadír Dóme, village and inhabitants, v. 551.
  • Agháfi, ancient town of Kánem, iii. 105, 512, seq.
  • Ághelé district on the Niger, v. 238.
  • Aghó, formerly large town of Kánem, iii. 91, 512.
  • Áhmed Bábá, notice of his work, iv. 200. His character, 407, 600.
  • Áhmed bel Mejúb, Arab traveller, notice of, ii. 283.
  • Áhmedu, Séko (Sheikh), ruler of Másina, his hostility towards me, iv. 458, 461, 508; v. passim.
  • Aidó grass, with prickly involucre, i. 534.
  • ʿAín Zára, described, i. 87. Welcome reception in, on home-journey, v. 451.
  • Aïr, or Ásben, ethnographical relations of, i. 335. Áír not Ahír, 336, note. See Ásben.
  • Airi, the great salt caravan, its gathering, i. 504, 510. Estimate of its numbers, ii. 40. Went formerly only as far as Kátsena, ii. 65.
  • Ájirí village, ii. 233.
  • Ákarámbay, iron gates of, narrow passage in Niger, v. 249.
  • Ála, Alla, Bórnu town and vicinity, iii. 128.
  • Alairúk village, iii. 28.
  • Aláli-Ádia valley of Kánem, iii. 100.
  • Alamáy, or Allamáy, Bórnu town, ii. 191; v. 380.
  • Alamáibe, or Allamáibe, village, hospitable treatment at, v. 378.
  • Aláso or Alássa, town of Bághena and its vicinity, v. 495, 518.
  • Aláune, Bórnu town, ii. 220; iv. 29.
  • Aláwo, town of, ii. 371.
  • ʿAlíyu, sultan of Sókoto, first meeting with, iv. 133. His character, 154. Sets out on an expedition against the Góberawa, 140. His proceedings, 163-165. Returns to Wurnó, 183. Interview with, v. 336. His justice, 340. Farewell interview with, 343.
  • Alkúttabu, chief of the Awelímmed, iv. 470, passim.
  • Áman Sémmedné valley, sculpture and stone circles at, i. 204.
  • Ammas, “the islands and swampy grounds in the Niger,” v. 210.
  • Ánay town, in the valley of Kawár, v. 434.
  • Angála, see Ngála.
  • Anikímma, Tebu town, v. 433.
  • Aníslimen, Merábetín or Tolba, peaceable tribes of the Kél-owí, i. 322 (compare 321, n.). Of the Awelímmiden, v. 558. Of the Íregenáten, 562. See Merábetín.
  • Ánnur, chief of Tintéllust, sends us an escort, i. 326. Interview with him, 360. His character, 361; ii. 2. Parting with, ii. 1. Visit him at his estate, 21.
  • Ánnur karamí, a relation of the former, i. 255. His lodgings at Ágades, 413.
  • Ant-hills of immense size, iii. 362. Indicating the neighbourhood of a river, ii. 463.
  • Antilope, different species, Búbalis, i. 263; v. 424. A. Addax, ii. 224. A. Leucoryx, i. 520; bucklers made from its skin, 521; its meat, 528. A. Oryx, iii. 357; iv. 20. A. Soemmeringii, ii. 224; iii. 328. Other species, ii. 325.
  • Ants, serious attack of black, iii. 393. Battle between red and white, 399. Winged, 4. White, on the Niger, v. 150, note, 284. Northern limit of, i. 540; v. 414. Abundance of ants in Kátsena, iv. 97.
  • Arab or Moorish tribes of the western part of the desert, list of, v. 525.
  • Arabs, native Arabs, or Shúwa, of Bórnu, and neighbouring countries, ii. 355. Early settlements in Kánem, iii. 545. Chiefs of, 521. Their intercourse with the Fulbe, 369.
  • Arama, see Rumá.
  • Arborescent Euphorbiaceæ, iii. 267.
  • Archer, mounted, rare, ii. 232. In Fógha, iv. 231.
  • Architecture of Ágades, i. 442, 446. Of Kanó, ii. 123. Of dwellings in Saráwu, 439. In Múbi, 527. Of the Músgu tribe, iii. 248. Of palaces in Logón, 287, 289. In Más-eña, 389. Of dwellings in Másina, iv. 253, 254. In Namantúgu, iv. 276, 277; in Tinge, 311. In Timbúktu, 449. Insecurity of clay-houses, iii. 392. More solid architecture in former times, ii. 226. iii. 226, 389. Songhay and Háusa architecture, v. 281.
  • Argúngo, residence of rebel chief of Kébbi, iv. 201.
  • Áribínda, town of, and its inhabitants, iv. 306.
  • Áribínda, meaning southern bank of Niger, iv. 307; v. passim.
  • Arókam valley described, i. 268.
  • Asába mountainous district, v. 517.
  • Ásada, valley of Aïr, described, i. 383.
  • Ásben, or Aïr, first view of, i. 279. Nature of the country, 304. Mountains of, 308. Forms of name, 308, n.
  • Asclepias gigantea, enormous specimens, i. 254, 320. Usefulness of, 541. Bears testimony to the fertility of the soil, 393. Wide extent, ii. 197, 319, 320, passim. Its monotonous character, ii. 180. Characteristic of the neighbourhood of Kúkawa, ii. 548.
  • Asér village, near Sansándi, v. 482.
  • Aséttere valley, i. 270.
  • Ásfer, singular food of this bird, i. 135.
  • Asfúra valley, iii. 90.
  • Áshenúmma and its inhabitants, v. 430. Dried fish the best medium of commerce at, 433.
  • Asïu, or Asëu, well, importance of, i. 280, 562.
  • Áskíá, Mohammed ben Abú Bakr, king of Songhay, his greatness, iv. 414. His rise, reign, and death, 596-605. Compare i. 459.
  • Ásodi, description of the town, i. 375.
  • Asses, usual beasts of burden of Gúro travellers, iv. 263; compare v. 27. Excellent breed in Aïr, i. 371; in Dar-Fúr, ii. 367; in Mósi, v. 27. Plenty of, on the Niger, v. 108, 177.
  • Ásu town, iii. 461. Not name of river, 462.
  • Aswánek tribe, sections of, v. 504.
  • Átar, town of Áderér, v. 537.
  • Alantíka mount, highest mountain of my route, ii. 465.
  • Aúdaghost, notice of, i. 458; iv. 580, 582.
  • Aúderas, beautiful valley of Aïr, described, i. 387.
  • Áussa district, towns in, v. 479.
  • Aússa, general term for north bank of Niger, ii. 70; v. passim.
  • Auyók territory described, iv. 43.
  • Áwáb, chief of the Tin-ger-égedesh, interview and religious discussion with, iv. 427. His account of Mungo Park, 505.
  • Awelímmiden, origin, iv. 626. Sections and families of, v. 552. Peaceable tribes of, 558.
  • Ayóru, village and inhabitants, v. 261.
  • Ayú, or Manatus, found in the Bénuwé, ii. 507; in the Shári, iii. 325; in lake Débu, v. 472; and in the Niger in general, 103.
  • Ázawád, district north of Timbúktu, and adjoining districts, notice of, v. 459.
  • Ázawágh, district on the Niger, v. 459.
  • Ázemay, village on Niger, and its inhabitants, v. 279.
  • Azkár, tribe of Imóshagh, historical notices of the, i. 228.
  • Babáliyá, town of Bagírmi, notice of, iii. 616. Condition of treaty with regard to, 520.
  • Bábir tribe, notice of the, ii. 404.
  • Báchikám, branch of Shári, great breadth, iii. 400. Upwards, places along the, 590. Downwards from Más-eñá to Músgu, 603.
  • Badamúni, or Gadabúni, fresh and natron lakes, iv. 69, 72. Village described, 70.
  • Badaníjo, village of Ádamáwa, described, ii. 435.
  • Badaráwa, walled town of Zánfara, with a considerable market, iv. 125.
  • Badda-badda, walled town of Kebbi, iv. 206.
  • Bága, remarkable architecture described, iii. 248.
  • Bágelé, mount of Ádamáwa, ii. 478. Hamlets of, 499, note.
  • Bághena, identity with part of the ancient Ghánata, Arab tribes in, v. 525. Present state and historical notices of, 500.
  • Baghzen mount, i. 378, 513.
  • Bagírmi, description of the natives, iii. 344. Females, 395. Historical survey of, 425. When first mentioned, 505. General character of, 445-449. Arms, language, and dress, 450. Government, 452.
  • Bagma village described, ii. 422.
  • Bahr el Ghazál, large valley east of Tsád, described, iii. 487.
  • Bákada village and inhabitants, iii. 337, 358.
  • Bakáy, see Sheikh Sídí Áhmed.
  • Balanites Ægyptiaca, northern limit of, i. 265, 508. Wide range over Negroland, ii. 206. Name in Ádamáwa, 506. Fruit of much value in Bórnu, 314. In Bagirmi, iii. 449. Bread made from the fruit of, 386. Leaves used likewise, 353, 449. Fine specimens on Niger, v. 267, 272. In Timbúktu, iv. 475.
  • Bamba, or Kasbah, town on the Niger, and inhabitants, v. 158.
  • Bámbara town and inhabitants, iv. 354-365.
  • Bámbara, country, present ruler, iv. 469.
  • Bamúrna valley, with sugar plantation, iv. 171.
  • Bánal, mountainous district of Bagírmi, and inhabitants, iii. 611.
  • Bánam and its inhabitants, iii. 609.
  • Banana (Musa Paradisiaca), ii. 84. Common in the southern provinces, 506, 579; iv. 196.
  • Banáy village, iv. 384.
  • Bandégo village of Ádamáwa, ii. 218.
  • Baobab, see Adansonia.
  • Bárakat, town and inhabitants, i. 242. Vicinity described, 244.
  • Baratáwa village, fine tamarind trees near, iv. 64.
  • Bárea village of Músgu country, iii. 188.
  • Bargu or Barba country, north of Yóruba, iv. 600.
  • Barley cultivated on the Niger, v. 158.
  • Barno locality on Niger described, v. 227.
  • Barth, Dr., his previous travels in Barbary, vol. i. p. vii. Course of his studies, ii. 467. Volunteers to accompany Mr. Richardson in the exploration of Central Africa, vol. i. p. ix. Joins the expedition at Tunis, 1. Arrival at Tripoli, 15. Residence at and excursions round, 17-84. Journey across the desert, 85, seq. Residence at Múrzuk, 164-170. Departure from Múrzuk, 173. Negotiation with Tawárek chiefs, 181-183. Joins the caravan, 188. Astray in the desert, 214-220. Arrival at Ghát, 221. Departure for the open desert, 241. Joins the Kél-owí caravan, 247. Reaches the Tinýlkum caravan, 272. Alarms from Tawárek freebooters, 282-307. Attacked and pillaged by the Merábetín, 313-317. Endangered by a desert torrent, 324. Arrival of escort from Ánnur, 326. Arrival at Tintéllust, 334. Residence in Tintéllust, 360-369. Nocturnal attack, 364. Journey to Ágades, 370-396. Residence at Ágades, 397-457. Interview with the sultan, 400. Receives letters of protection, 436. Residence in Tin-Téggana, 486-499. Religious conversation with Ánnur, 493. Joins the salt-caravan, 500.
  • Parting with Mr. Richardson, ii. 1. Interview with the governor of Kátsena, 49. Theological discussion with Bel-Ghét, 62. Departure from Kátsena, 84. Residence in Kanó, 97-147. Severe attack of fever, 101. Audiences with the ghaladíma, and governor 104-106. Sets out from Kanó alone, 148. Joins the sheríf ʿAbd-el-Khafíf, 155. Interview with ghaladíma ʿOmár, 193. Enters Bórnu, 201. News of Mr. Richardson’s death, 203. Visit to his grave, 218. Interview with the governor of Dúchi, 235. Arrival at Kúkawa, 243. Servants and debts of the mission, 244. Interviews with the vizier, 247. Amicable arrangements, 250. Debts of the mission discharged, 297. Expedition to Lake Tsád, 319-337. Meeting with Mr. Overweg near Kalíluwá, 342. Departure from Kúkawa, 351. Journey to Yóla, 353-484. Interview with the governor, 490. Anxiety and sickness, 495. Mission repulsed, 496. Return from Ádamáwa to Kúkawa, 515-549. Interview with the vizier, 550.
  • Expedition to Kánem, iii. 23-117. Joins a band of the Welád Slimán, 61. Interview with the sheikh of that tribe, 66. Camp taken, 103. Continued illness, 90-112. Return to Kúkawa, 116. Accompanies the expedition against Mándará, 118-259. Discussion on slavery with the vizier, 131-135. Cut off from the army, 191-193. Return to Kúkawa, 258. Journey to Bagírmi, 260-369. Stopped at the Shárí river, 314. Succeeds in crossing, 320. Residence at Mélé, 325. Laid in irons, 364. Proceeds to Más-eñá, 368. Interview with the lieutenant-governor, 371. Becomes a retail dealer, 380. Arrival of letters and supplies, 406. Audience with the sultan, 412. Departure from Más-eñá, 424. Arrival at Kúkawa, 470. Treaty of commerce signed by the sultan, 472. Death of Mr. Overweg, 477.
  • Parting interview with the Sheikh ʿOmár, iv. 4. Departure for Timbúktu, 6. Enters the Komádugu of Bórnu, 18. Reaches the mountainous province of Múniyó, 42. Interview with the governor, 53. Visit to the natron lake, 66. Arrival of pecuniary supplies, 81. Interview with the governor of Kátsena, 97. Discussion on polygamy with ʿAbd-e’-Rahmán, 102. Journey from Kátsena to Sókoto, 105, seq. Interview with ʿAlíyu, 132-188. Letter of franchise, 139. Residence in Wurnó, 143-188. Arrival at Gando, 194. Transactions with the sultan, 198-200. Unsafe journey through Kebbi, 204-240. First sight of the Niger, 240. El Waláti, specimen of a Moorish character, 282. Stay in Libtáko, 286-298. Transactions with the Tawárek, 338-347. Interview with the emír of Sarayámo, 373. Embarks on a creek of the Niger, 377. Interview with Sídi Álawáte in Kábara, 401. Arrival at Timbúktu, 405. Religious discussion with Sídi Álawáte, 445. Attack of fever, 444-450. First interview with Sheikh el Bakáy, 453-457. Unsettled residence in Timbúktu, 458, seq. Dangerous situation, 491. Interview and religious discussion with Áwáb, 497. His account of Mungo Park, 505. Religious discussion with Sheikh el Bakáy, 510.
  • Discussion on the relation of Christ and Mohammed, v. 4. On the prophets, “Who is a Moslim?” 63. Forced to leave the town, 70. Political meeting, 79. Departure from Timbúktu, 94. Retrograde movement, 111. Final departure, 141. Enters the desert, 166. Arrival at Gógó, 215. Parting with El Bakáy, 239. Travels along the south-western bank of the Niger, 240-294. An alarming adventure, 285. Second residence in Say, 295. Interview with the governor, 295. Arrival at Támkala and interview with the governor, 304. Attack of dysentery at Wurnó, 336. Interviews with ʿAlíyu, 336, 343. Second residence in Kanó, 358. Pecuniary difficulties, 366. Meeting with Mr. Vogel, 381. Last residence in Kúkawa, 391. Arrangements with Mr. Vogel, 394. Attack of rheumatism, 398. Difficulties and delays, 403. Traverses the desert with a small Tebu caravan, 408-444. Stopped by Arabs, 449. Arrival at Tripoli, 451. Arrival in London, 452.
  • Báruwa or Bárruwa town and vicinity, iii. 42, v. 410.
  • Basengíddi village, v. 514.
  • Basikúnnu town and inhabitants, v. 482.
  • Basikúnnu and Yá-saláme, list of places between, v. 481.
  • Bat-há large valley and river of Wádái, iii. 537, 564. seq.
  • Batta tribe in Ádamáwa, ii. 511.
  • Báure, a species of ficus, large specimen, i. 392. Poorer specimens, iv. 64.
  • Baúshi trees, ii. 12.
  • Báya and its inhabitants, ii. 613.
  • Beans, cultivation of, ii. 310; iv. 29, passim.
  • Bean-tressels excellent food for camels, iv. 89.
  • Béchi town and neighbourhood, ii. 92.
  • Bedánga and its inhabitants, iii. 594, 608.
  • Bedde territory and its inhabitants described, iv. 33.
  • Bedstead, kind of, necessary for an African traveller, ii. 8. Curious bedsteads in Ágades, i. 442.
  • Beehives, ii. 91. Underground, 377.
  • Bees, dangerous attack by, iii. 240.
  • Bégúngu island, in the Niger, v. 289.
  • Belánde village, v. 311.
  • Belang, important town of Gurma, iv. 560.
  • Bélem, residence of Mʿallem Delíl, town and its inhabitants, ii. 451, 523.
  • Bello, sultan, character, iv. 513. Notice of his work, 187.
  • Belússa important town, of Mósi, iv. 563.
  • Bení Ulíd, troublesome place, v. 451.
  • Bennanába, or Benába, chief town of Gurma, meaning of name, iv. 559.
  • Benón, camp where Park was kept a prisoner, v. 491.
  • Bentang tree, see Silk cotton tree.
  • Bénuwé river, ii. 464, 517. The great arm of the Kwára, 467. Period of rising and falling, 475. Its importance for the intercourse with the interior, ii. 348; iii. 132, 134.
  • Benzári, town of Manga, ii. 175.
  • Bérabísh (sing. Berbúshi) tribe, sections of, in Ázawád, v. 464. Their hostility towards me, 491, 505. Chief of Bérabísh murderer of Major Laing, iv. 500. Death of his son, 509.
  • Berber population, historical notices of, i. 223. Licentious manners of frontier tribes, 288; v. 190.
  • Berbéruwá well of Manga country, iv. 43.
  • Berí village and inhabitants, iii. 50. Route to from Ngégimi, 52, note. Former importance, 500, seq.
  • Bernínkoró, Bámbara village, v. 499.
  • Beshér villages and well near Kúkawa, ii. 242.
  • Betéhá valley of Wádái, principal villages along the, iii. 578.
  • Béting district, character of the Niger in, v. 254.
  • Bú el Hamésh, well of Kánem, iii. 108.
  • Birchi village, v. 355.
  • Birmenáwa town, ii. 164; v. 373.
  • Birni, or Ghasr-éggomo, the old capital of Bórnu, founded by whom, ii. 644. Description of its ruins, iv. 50.
  • Bírni town on Niger and inhabitants, v. 287.
  • Bírni-n-Débe, site of and forest scenery, iv. 223.
  • Bírni-n-Kebbi and its inhabitants, iv. 212; v. 322. N.B. Other names beginning with the term Birni look for under the second part of the name.
  • Bitinkóbe tribe, v. 289.
  • Bizúggu town, iv. 554.
  • Blacksmiths of the Tawárek, i. 373. Blacksmith’s workshop described, ii. 376.
  • Boats on the Tsád, ii. 327, on the Shári, iii. 293, 297, of the Musgu, 220, on the Bénuwé, ii. 469, on the Niger iv. 242, 362; v. 276. Represented in Pl. iv. 391, 395.
  • Bodinga town and market, v. 333.
  • Bóghel valley, its picturesque and rich character, i. 395.
  • Bógo village, iii. 186.
  • Bokhári, governor of Khadéja, his expedition against Khadéja, his success, and what use he made of it, ii. 175; v. 350.
  • Bokhári, learned man of Sókoto, iv. 528.
  • Bokhári, a learned man of Gando, iv. 200.
  • Bóne village, iv. 336.
  • Bongesémba village, on the Upper Niger or Dhiúliba, different quality of the water of the two branches of the river at, v. 477.
  • Books should be sent out to Central Africa, v. 43. Manuscript books in Bagírmi, iii. 373.
  • Bóre town, v. 466.
  • Bórnu, general character of history of, ii. 253. Form of government, 270, 648. Friends and instructors in, 283-290.
  • Bórnu, chronological table of events and list of kings of, ii. 633.
  • Bórnu army, appearance of, iii. 165. Detachments composing the cavalry of, in the expedition to Músgu, 521.
  • Bórnu proper, boundaries of, ii. 201.
  • Bornu-Gungu, or Barnu-Gungu, island in the Niger, scenery round, v. 242.
  • Borzári, town of Bórnu, iv. 32.
  • Bóse village and inhabitants, v. 281.
  • Bosebángo village and inhabitants, iv. 267-271.
  • Bot-hádíye post on the Senegal, v. 500. Compare 670, n.
  • Bread of Magáriá, i. 522. Of balanites, iii. 386.
  • Búdduma, islanders of the Tsád identical with the Yédiná, ii. 324. Their character, 324. Their canoes, 327. Overweg’s visit to their islands, iii. 8.
  • Búgarí village, iii. 317; described, 334.
  • Búggoma river, iv. 303.
  • Búgla well, v. 489.
  • Búgomán town on Shárí, iii. 331.
  • Bulála, dynasty of, identical with Gaöga, iii. 427. Divisions of the, 586.
  • Bullock-riding, attempt at, i. 371. Excellent bullocks in Aír, 377; ii. 5. The bullock the native beast of burden, ii. passim.
  • Bulls used by the ancient kings of Fezzán for drawing their chariots sculptures confirmatory of, i. 199.
  • Búnday mountain range, i. 377.
  • Búndi town, ii. 195; v. 380.
  • Bundóre village, dye-pits at, iv. 272
  • Búne, Old and New, iv. 47.
  • “Búne Kayérde Sʿaíd” village and meaning of name, v. 387.
  • Búnka town and its inhabitants, iv. 118; v. 351.
  • Búrj el Melha, a ruined castle, i. 13.
  • Búrgu or Burku, interesting country, ii. 27, 493.
  • Burre hamlet, rocky character of the Niger near, v. 251.
  • Burrum, or Bahr el Ghazál stations along, iii. 490.
  • Bússumo town, iv. 561.
  • Butter, fresh, not to be got in Bórnu, nor in Negroland in general, ii. 230; iv. 125.
  • Butter-tree, Bassia butyracea (kadeña, tóso), in Kátsena, ii. 84, 87; iv. 107. Ádamáwa, ii. 387, 408, 434. In great numbers on Niger, iv. 385; v. 282.
  • Búwa tribe, divisions, iii. 593.
  • Búwa-Dasár tribe, iii. 614.
  • Býrgu, nourishing grass in Niger, v. 152, 156. Honey prepared from, 165.
  • Caillié, Réné, the traveller, iv. 387, 455.
  • Camel, the, not indigenous in Africa, i. 200. Prices of, in Bórnu, ii. 315. Camels of Bórnu, iii. 194. Camels of the desert not accustomed to the food near the river, v. 190.
  • Camel races, i. 329.
  • Canoes on the Bénuwé, ii. 469. See Boats.
  • Capparis sodata, uses of, i. 295. Wide extent of, 295, 320; v. 96, 143, 251. In the Burrum, iii. 491. Berries of, i. 295; v. 146.
  • Caravan trade of Timbúktu with Morocco, v. 32.
  • Caravans avoid the villages bordering the desert, i. 122.
  • Castle of the Prophetess, a Roman ruin at El Jem. i. 3.
  • Cattle, horned, indigenous or imported, iii. 235. Introduced into many districts by the Fúlbe.
  • Champagóre, town and residence of Galaijo, described, iv. 253.
  • Champaláwel town, iv. 261.
  • Cheréka mount, i. 375.
  • Chifówa town described, ii. 178.
  • Chíre described, iii. 599.
  • Civilisation, false, its influence in furthering the slave trade, iii. 133. Of Negroland, only means of, 365.
  • Clapperton, Captain, probable cause of his death, iv. 178. His great merit as a traveller, 169.
  • Clay the chief food of the Dingding tribe, ii. 625. Clay-houses, insecurity of, iii. 392.
  • Cocks used in deciding law suits by wager of battle, ii. 535.
  • Commerce of Libtáko, iv. 288. Of Timbúktu, iv. 615; v. 17. Of Kanó, ii. 125, seq. Of Kúkawa, 307, seq. Of Wádáy, iii. 556.
  • Corchorus olitorius, common vegetable in Ágades, i. 405. In Bórnu, ii. 67, 180. In Bagírmi, iii. 421. In the desert, v. 429.
  • Costume of Démmo chiefs, iii. 206.
  • Cotton cultivated from Bagírmi to Timbúktu, Preface, p. xx. Best cotton near lakes and rivers, iii. 142. In Bagírmi cultivated in ridges, iii. 339. Chiefly cultivated by Bórnu people, iii. 448. The wealth of Díkowa, iii. 139, 268. On Niger, v. 286, 289. The staple in market of Badaráwa, iv. 125. Cotton extensively manufactured in Kanó, ii. 125. From the 11th century in Silla, v. 30. Celebrated in Korórofa, ii. 579. In Kong, iv. 557. In Zágha, v. 475.
  • Cotton-fields, general neglected appearance, iii. 142. Well kept, iv. 117.
  • Cotton-strips as money, ii. 311. In the country towns of Bórnu, ii. 212. In Ádamáwa, ii. 446. In Bagírmi, iii. 381. In Libtáko, iv. 291. In Ísayé, iv. 332.
  • Croton tiglium in Bagírmi, iii. 449.
  • Crowe, Mr., H.M.’s consul-general in Tripoli, i. 15; ii. 106.
  • Crystallised tubes, v. 422.
  • Cucurbita lagenaria, ii. 433; iii. 129.
  • Cucurbita Melopépo, iii. 234. In general use for seasoning the food, iii. 154; v. 3.
  • Cultivation of the different species of corn in various districts greatly varying, ii. 434, 505.
  • Currency, defection in Kúkawa, ii. 311. Very varying in different districts, difficult to know beforehand, iv. 278.
  • Cyperus esculentus, ii. 381; iii. 262. Porridge of, ii. 433.
  • Dábuwa village, iii. 267.
  • Dághel village, residence of ʿOthmán the Reformer, iv. 168.
  • Dákkwa, meaning of the term, ii. 10.
  • Dalla town, v. 465.
  • Dalla province, iv. 316.
  • Dámarak ancient capital of Só, ii. 651.
  • Dámbedá village, iv. 87.
  • Damerghú, cornfields, i. 535. Animals and vegetation of, 540. List of villages, 547. Origin of the name, 546.
  • Dan-Fáwa town and inhabitants, v. 349, Dánkama, site of, ii. 40.
  • Dan-Sháura district, towns and villages in, v. 345, note.
  • Dan-Sháura, walled town, v. 345.
  • Darghol and its inhabitants, iv. 277; v. 652.
  • Dármagwá village, ii. 198.
  • Darróro town, ii. 565.
  • Daúra, eldest state of Háusa, ii. 72. Province of, ii. 560. Character of governor, iv. 85.
  • Dates of Ásben, i. 302. Kanó, ii. 145. Of Tawát, species of, iv. 516, note. Of Bamba, v. 200.
  • Datepalms in Ásben, i. 302, 318. In Tasáwa, ii. 24. In Kano, 145. In Ádamáwa, 506. In Logón, iii. 280, 297. In Kánem, iii. 96, 107. In Bagírmi, 599. In Búrgu, iii. 500. In Timbúktu, iv. 475. In Bamba, 188. In Gógó, v. 213. Loaded with fruit, 330. Palm-bushes, 276, 370.
  • Dáway village, v. 388.
  • Dawerghú described, iii. 27.
  • Day, islands of, in the Niger, iv. 392.
  • Débe, site of, v. 317.
  • Débu lake, its shallow character, v. 471. Ayú or manatus, found in, 472.
  • Déffowa town, ii. 205.
  • Dekír well, v. 444.
  • Deléb palms, ii. 39, 424. The fruit and its uses, 426. Wide range of this palm, iii. 187, 235, 285, 297, 355, 400, 449; iii. 224; iv. 107; v. 369, 371, passim.
  • Démmo village and scenery, iii. 202. Pagan priests and chiefs, 206.
  • Démsa, country of this tribe, ii. 519.
  • Dendi, capital of, iv. 192.
  • Déndina, towns and villages of, iv. 538.
  • Denfó, walled town, and its inhabitants, v. 498.
  • Denga village, iv. 273.
  • Denham, Major, his adventures in Mándará, iii. 124. His want of accuracy, iv. 169.
  • Derís, a dwelling place of the “White Arabs,” v. 519.
  • Desert, journey across, i. 191. seq. Highest mountain pass in, v. 251. Torrent, effects of, 324. Heart of the, i. 258; v. 420. Extent of rain into the desert, v. 428.
  • Desert near Timbúktu, residence in, iv. 463.
  • Déshi hamlet and inhabitants, iv. 318.
  • Devil’s dance at Tágelel, i. 551.
  • Díggera and vicinity, iii. 156.
  • Díggera, a tribe of Tawárek, formerly of wide extent, now reduced, ii. 72, 652; iv. 4, 50.
  • Díkowa, large town and vicinity, iii. 130.
  • Dimísugá village, hospitable treatment at, v. 386.
  • Dimla town, iv. 563.
  • Díre town, v. 470.
  • Dirma province, iv. 420.
  • Dírki town, v. 429. Historical notice of, ii. 654.
  • Dodó, worship of, i. 551.
  • Dodówa cakes, i. 538; ii. 15. An important article of trade with Sókoto, iv. 122.
  • Dógo, southernmost village of Bagírmi, described, iii. 598.
  • Dógo village, near Say, v. 293.
  • Dógo-n-dáji town, v. 330.
  • Domestic slavery in Negroland, ii. 151.
  • Donári town, iv. 39.
  • Dóre, chief town of Libtáko, iv. 286. Market, 288-292.
  • Dorówa (Parkia) chief tree in the provinces of Kátsena and Záriya, iv. 107, passim.
  • Dýnnia town and inhabitants, v. 494.
  • Dúchi district described, ii. 236.
  • Dúchi town described, iv. 123; v. 351.
  • Dúm-palm, exclusive region near Zurríkulo, ii. 199. Wide range of, over Negroland. In Air, i. 317, 383. Near Yó, iii. 33. In Logón, 286. Gazáwa, ii. 13; iv. 91. In Fógha, iv. 225. In Máuri, iv. 548. On the Niger, v. 98, 267, 272, 281, 284, 435. Use of the fruits of, in Say, v. 297. In Tamkala, v. 303. The kernel, ii. 309; iii. 35, 50.
  • Duncan, his route from Baffo to Adafudia full of errors, iv. 553.
  • Dunki-tree leaves used as vegetable, v. 291.
  • Dúnu village described, ii. 209.
  • Dyeing, the art of, imparts to several regions of Negroland a certain tincture of civilization, ii. 31. Superiority of in Kanó, 128. In Ujé, ii. 365. In Bagírmi, iii. 129, 357. In Zánfara, iv. 121; v. 352.
  • Dwentsa town, v. 466.
  • Dýrregu, the freed Háusa boy, iv. 10, passim.
  • Ebn Batúta’s Travels, i. 464. Mentions Edrís, as king of Bórnu, ii. 265.
  • Éderí and its caverns, i. 146.
  • Edible wild fruits, ii. 380, 387. Edible poas, see Poa. Edible productions, ii. 433.
  • Edrís Alawóma, greatest king of Bórnu, ii. 650. Expeditions of, from Bórnu to Kánem, iii. 498.
  • Éfadaye, lawless tribe, i. 351. Their strength, 491.
  • Egé, fertile valley, described, iii. 491.
  • Égeri, valley of, i. 252.
  • Eghellál mount and village, i. 377. Valley, 378.
  • Egyptians, ancient, probable intercourse of the Songhay with, iv. 426; v. 193.
  • El Ábiár, district near the Senegal, wells of, v. 513.
  • El Áhmar well, v. 439.
  • El Arbʿaín described, i. 2.
  • El Bekrí’s account of Negroland, iv. 583. Mention of various words still in use, shigge, iv. 443, n.
  • El Edrísi’s account of Negroland noticed, iv. 585.
  • El Gáda and adjoining districts described, and Moorish tribes in, v. 544.
  • El Giblah and Shemmámah described, and Moorish tribes in, v. 539.
  • El Háha district and tribes, v. 545.
  • El Hank district described, v. 546.
  • El Hasi, the well at the foot of the Hammáda, i. 140.
  • El Hódh district described, and Moorish tribes in, v. 529.
  • El Jem, Roman remains at, i. 3.
  • El Júf district described, v. 547.
  • Elkeb, singular monuments on the plain of, i. 58.
  • El Khwín described, i. 2.
  • El Medaina, a ruined Roman station, i. 12.
  • El Waláti, his character and appearance, iv. 282. His knavery, 345, et passim. Final separation from, v. 16.
  • El Wár, or Temmi, well, v. 440.
  • Elephants, frequent in Ádamáwa, ii. 508. Herd of, going to water, iii. 48. Predominant in Músgu, 161, 162, 169. In Gurma, iv. 271.
  • Ém-n-kúris headland, camping-ground at, v. 149.
  • Encampment, Arab, private life in, iv. 485. Of Tawárak represented, v. 127.
  • “English house” at Kúkawa, ii. 298.
  • English hill near Tin-tellust, i. 334.
  • Erátafáni (Ghatafán, compare Ebn Khaldún, trans. by De Slane, i. 38), camp of the, v. 269.
  • Érazar valley, i. 320.
  • Érgshésh, district described, v. 546.
  • Ernésse camping-ground described, v. 130.
  • Euphorbia, poisonous, i. 532; v. 97.
  • European goods brought to Kanó, ii. 135. To Timbúktu, v. 33.
  • Europeans, in what little esteem held by some people, v. 90.
  • Exogyra Overwegi found near Wadi Tagíje, i. 120.
  • Fáki el Bahr, most learned man in Wádái, iii. 560.
  • Fáki Sámbo, a very learned Púllo at Máseñá, iii. 373.
  • Fálalé, village and costume, iv. 555.
  • Falí tribe in Fúmbiná, ii. 511.
  • Fányakangwa town, v. 377.
  • Farára described, i. 548.
  • Fáro river, ii. 473, 517.
  • Fatáwel, great ivory market, iii. 162.
  • Female chiefs and sovereigns in Bórnu, ii. 650. Of the Welád Ráshid, iii. 549.
  • Female infidelity rare amongst the nobler tribes of the Tawárek, v. 127. Female headdress in Bagírmi, iii. 320. In Kanó, ii. 109.
  • Female apparel in general in Negroland, ii. 25. In Músgu, iii. 238. In Songhay, v. 218.
  • Fénorang valley, i. 284.
  • Feréng-mangha, explanation of the title, iv. 423, note.
  • Ferry-boats made of calabashes, ii. 232; iv. 27.
  • Festival of the ʿAíd el Kebír in Ágades, i. 422. Of the Fotr at Kúkawa, iii. 15. In Kanó, ib. In Máseña, 417. In Timbúktu, v. 10. In Yágha, 280.
  • Ficus, very large specimens, i. 392; ii. 141; iii. 130; v. 132.
  • Fíliyo village and its inhabitants, iv. 309.
  • Firearms, their influence in furthering the slave trade, iii. 133. Numerous in Bórnu in the second half of the sixteenth century, ii. 651.
  • Firki-ground, a peculiar kind of soil, ii. 241, 355; iii. 125, passim.
  • Fish very plentiful in Músgu, iii. 233, 241. Different species found in Niger, v. 625. Dried fish, an important article of commerce in Bórnu, iii. 29. Value of, as a medium of commerce at Áshenúmma, v. 433.
  • Fittrí, the “lake” of the Kúka, more considerable places around, iii. 585. The districts mentioned, 502, 515.
  • Fleas in Kúkawa, iii. 250. In Támkala, v. 303.
  • Fódet valley, mountain scenery, i. 328.
  • Fógha valley, iv. 225. Mode of preparing salt, 228. Character of the people, 230. Separation between the Háusa and Songhay races, 231.
  • French, excitement caused at Timbúktu by their movements in the north, v. 114-125.
  • Fugábú Kóbber, village of the, iii. 82.
  • Fúlbe, of Mándará, ii. 173. Degenerate Fúlbe, 393. Their intelligence and veracity, 420. First appearance in Bórnu, 649, 654. Immigration into Bagírmi, iii. 433. Facilitated by the Shúwa, 369. History of, and growth of their power in Sókoto, iv. 147. Tribes of, 148, note. Their important mission, 491. Along upper Niger, 623. Their policy in Timbúktu, v. 81. Tribes in Sókoto, 528. Fúlbe inhabiting suburbs of larger towns, iii. 127; v. 330. Their way of preparing butter, ii. 230.
  • Fúlbe huts figured, iv. 325.
  • Fúlbe of Ádamáwa, their famous expedition to the far South, ii. 520.
  • Fúmbiná, extent of, ii. 503. Described, 504. Various tribes, 510-514.
  • Funeral dance at Ísge, ii. 535.
  • Furá village, iv. 465.
  • Fura, favourite drink, mode of drinking, i. 414.
  • Fúta country, chief divisions of, v. 522.
  • Gábatá, sacred site of, iv. 63.
  • Gábberí and its inhabitants, iii. 605.
  • Gá-béro, description of the tribe, v. 222. Their hospitality, 225. Divisions of the tribe, 225, note.
  • Gá-bíbi tribe, v. 242.
  • Gabóre hamlet, v. 385.
  • Gagliuffi, Mr., British agent at Múrzuk, i. 165, 171; ii. 171.
  • Gakoira town, site of, iv. 388.
  • Galúla village and watercourse, v. 521.
  • Gámerghú district, ii. 360. Tribe nearly related to the Mándara, 362.
  • Gando empire, climate and extent of the, iv. 203. Rulers of, 527.
  • Gando town described, iv. 195; v. 347. Average rain-fall in, v. 329.
  • Gaoga, kingdom of, iii. 426. Reason of its power, 445.
  • Gárbo village, iv. 234; v. 311.
  • Gáreji village, ii. 174.
  • Gárgará, iron used in Bagírmi obtained from, iii. 597.
  • Gár-Sará described, iii. 609.
  • Garú, an island-town in the Niger, v. 273.
  • Gasi-Ghúma, great market-place of Fermágha, v. 483.
  • Gátara village, v. 308.
  • Gaúmaché hamlet, iv. 207.
  • Gáuri town, notice of, iii. 616.
  • Gáwasú village, interview with the sultan of Sókoto, iv. 133.
  • Gazáwa, independent pagan town, ii. 33. Places lying round it, 35. Fortifications and markets, 37. Chief men, iv. 92.
  • Gébi valley described, i. 295.
  • Gellu town, v. 497.
  • Gerkí, town and its inhabitants, ii. 162; v. 372.
  • Gésgi valley of Kánem, iii. 95.
  • Géshiya town and its inhabitants, iv. 36.
  • Gesma town and its inhabitants, iv. 38.
  • Gezáwa, town of province of Kanó, and its inhabitants, ii. 152.
  • Ghadámes, inhabitants of, great merchants, settled in Kátsena, ii. 57. Kanó, 110, 115. Timbúktu, iv. 481, 616; v. 33.
  • Ghaladíma ʿOmár, interview with, ii. 192.
  • Ghámbarú, brick ruins of, ii. 225. Favourite residence of the former kings of Bórnu, iii. 517.
  • Ghána, or Ghánata, kingdom, historical notices of, iv. 579, 584, 585.
  • Gharíya el gharbíya, Roman gateway at, i. 126; and Arab tower, 129.
  • Gharíya e’ sherkíya, i. 132.
  • Ghasr-éggomo, former capital of Bórnu (see Bírni), ruins of described, iv. 22.
  • Ghát, arrival at, i. 221. Description of, 237.
  • Ghérgo, Songhay town on the Niger and inhabitants, v. 151.
  • Ghurián and its villages, i. 43-49. Hatred against the Turks, 48. Subterranean dwellings, ib.
  • Gída-n-Alla village, v. 371.
  • Giraffe, home of the, i. 520. Rare in the populous districts, in Músgu, ii. 359; iii. 162. Frequent on the Niger, v. 199, 254.
  • Gílmirám, wells of, ii. 5.
  • Góber, princes of, iv. 526. Connection of the noblest family with the Copts, i. 336. The Goberáwa once masters of Ásben, ib.
  • Gógó, Gágho, or Gʿao, capital of the Songhay empire, noticed, iv. 580, 583, 585. Conquered by the Awelímmid, iv. 628. Town and inhabitants described, v. 215. Survey of the Niger near, 235.
  • Gold, the chief commercial staple of Timbúktu, v. 21. Import of gold into Kanó, ii. 142. Gold trade in former times in Kúkia, iv. 552, 584. Gold found in Bénuwé, ii. 470. Rivers containing gold, iv. 557.
  • Góna, locality on the Niger, v. 239.
  • Gonda trees (Erica Papaya), ii. 12, 87, 447, 623; iii. 138; v. 330. Fruit of, 60; iv. 209, passim. Wild Gonda bush, ii. 93, 368; v. 293. Its delicious fruit, ii. 401.
  • Gongungo village, iv. 274.
  • Gónja, (country of the kóla-nut) routes to, iv. 556. Trade to. v. 29.
  • Góreba fruit (see Dúm-palm), ii. 13.
  • Górebi torrent, iv. 261.
  • Gorgom town, iv. 88.
  • Gósuwa town, ii. 174.
  • Góte district, v. 280.
  • Government: a feudal form spread from Melle over great part of Negroland, iv. 588. In Bórnu, eclectic, with a very strong aristocratical element, ii. 270. In Fúlbe states more republican, 499. Of Bagírmi, iii. 452. Of Wádái, 547. In Songhay, more despotical, iv. 416.
  • Gozenákko village and its inhabitants, ii. 13.
  • Grain, different prices of, ii. 313; v. 338.
  • Granaries, tower-like, iv. 331. Granaries or corn-stacks as usual in Negroland, i. 539; ii. 5. In the Manga country, iv. 29.
  • Groundnuts, an essential article of native food, and important article of export trade, ii. 432; iii. 334. In Bagírmi, in general cultivated to a small extent, iii. 447, 505, passim. Cultivated between the corn, ii. 434.
  • Guinea-worm disease, i. 271. Produced by drinking stagnant water, ii. 546. Not met with in women, ib.
  • Gúlbi, general meaning, ii. 299.
  • Gúlbi-n-Sókoto swamps, v. 321.
  • Gúlumbé, walled town, iv. 209; v. 323.
  • Gumda village, iv. 89.
  • Gúmmel, town, its commercial importance and its inhabitants, ii. 164. Its state of decay, v. 374.
  • Gúmrek, lake, i. 533.
  • Gúndam town described, v. 467.
  • Gúndumi wilderness, passage through, iv. 130.
  • Gúram town, v. 473.
  • Gurára river, Lander’s Rári, ii. 563.
  • Gúre, capital of Múniyó, described, iv. 51-58. Visit to the governor, 53. His character, 54.
  • Gurgul, a small shallow drain of Senegal, v. 522.
  • Gúri and inhabitants, v. 492.
  • Gurma, hilly country of, iv. 250. Colonised by the Songhay, 259. Province and inhabitants of, 550. Their connection with the Tombo, ib.
  • Gúro-nuts, a commercial staple of Timbúktu, v. 27. Their import into Kanó, ii. 131. Conditions of the trade in, ib.
  • Gúshi territory, villages in, iv. 68.
  • Gwanín el Kohol, section of the Berabísh notice of the, v. 65.
  • Gwásem, Roman sepulchre near, i. 93.
  • Haddáda, peculiar tribe in Kánem, account of, iii. 485.
  • Háj Beshír, biographical notice of, ii. 290. End of his career, 670. Policy with regard to the pagan tribes, iii. 232, 254.
  • Háj Mohammed Áskíá, iv. 414. See Áskiá.
  • Hamda-Alláhi, capital of empire of Másina, iv. 474; v. 469, passim.
  • Hámiyen, warm springs of, described, iii. 572.
  • Hamma, son-in-law to Annur, i. 368, 431. Parting with, i. 518.
  • Hammáda, description of the, i. 135-141. Meaning of the term, 140.
  • Hándará village, iv. 76.
  • Háusa, historical notices of, ii. 69. Intelligence of race and general character, 163. Character and importance of language, passim. Its relation to the Berber, ii. 70, n. Nobleman and retinue, v. 309.
  • Hatíta, chief of the Ázkár, arrival of, i. 179. His dealings, 191. Sketch of, on his camel, 195.
  • Hallúf, Kánemma chief, iii. 84, seq.
  • Haw-n-ádak, an encampment, iv. 348.
  • Hay, method of storing, in the Músgu country, iii. 176.
  • Head-dress of females in Bagírmi, iii. 320. In Kanó, ii. 109. In Kúkawa, 317. In Belárigo, 308. Curious ornaments of, in Libtáko, iv. 292.
  • Hénderí Síggesí, valley of Kánem, iii. 96.
  • Hendi-kíri, camping-ground near, on the Niger, v. 147.
  • Hereditaments with some African tribes descend from the possessor to his sister’s son, i. 341. Probable foundation of the custom, 342.
  • Hibiscus esculentus, iii. 28, 421. In general use in Bagírmi, iv. 448.
  • Híllet e’ Sheikh Sídi el Mukhtár, a celebrated place of worship, i. 370; iv. 454.
  • Hogár, or Hágara, account of the, i. 566.
  • Holcus cernuus, cultivated to great extent in Bórnu, ii. 241, 355. Different varieties of, found in different districts, 505. Sorghum, the general grain in Bórnu, 540. H. saccharatus, in southern provinces of Bórnu, in Musgu, iii. 152. The red species in Músgu, 175.
  • Hómbori mountain range figured, iv. 330. Described, 333.
  • Hómbori town, route to, iv. 320, note.
  • Horses, indifferent, in Ágades, i. 395. Fine in Damerghú, 542. Bórnu horses, their excellence, ii. 315; iii. 22. Exposed to all changes of weather, ii. 452. Barbarous Músgu mode of securing seat on, 198. Fine race of, in Libtáko, iv. 294. Of Tawárek, on Niger, 345, 347. Numerous in Sarayámo, 372, 376. Indifferent in Timbúktu, v. 66. Of the Songhay, 208. Value of, in the desert, 437.
  • House, in Kanó, plan of, ii. 124; in Kúkawa, plan of, 299; in Timbúktu, plan of, iv. 451. Houses in Ágades, i. 442, 446.
  • Húlluf, Logón town, famed for sorcery, iii. 283.
  • Huts, general character of, i. 538. Huts called bango, or bongo, ii. 24, 369, 402. Hut in Múbi, 527. Various species of, in Bórnu, 549. Of Shúwa, ii. 358. Of Marghí, iii. 381. Of Músgu, iii. 250; see Architecture. In Yágha, iv. 276. Of nomadic Fúlbe figured, 325. Of Fúlbe in Bagírmi, iii. 369. In Songhay, iv. 329, 331.
  • Ibawájiten, notice of the tribe, v. 208.
  • Íbo tribe, notice of, ii. 626.
  • Ídinen, mount, the holy and dreaded mountain of the Ázkár, i. 211. Visited, 214. Led astray on return from, 216.
  • Íggeba well, v. 435.
  • Igómaren, encampment at, on the Niger, v. 177.
  • Ikadémmelrang valley, singular formations in, i. 275.
  • Ikánnu and Gúndam, list of places between, v. 481.
  • Ikázkezan, general character of tribe, i. 345. A freebooter, 543.
  • Ilóri, large town of Yóruba, ii. 170.
  • Imeggélelé district, iv. 346.
  • Imghád, meaning of the term, i. 234. Historical notices of the, of the Ázkár, 234. Of the valleys round Ágades, 391. Of the Íregenáten, v. 550. Of the Awelímmiden, 556.
  • Ímmanang district, iv. 547.
  • Immenán valley, threatened attack in, i. 304.
  • Ímóshagh, or Tawárek, Sections and families of the Ázkár, i. 228. Origin and antiquity of the name, 326. Of the Kél-owi, 344. Of the Kél-gerés and Itísan, 356. Their encampments, 527. The Sakomáren, 566. Of the Hogár, 567. Their customs, how changed by their settlement on the Niger, v. 106. Their way of covering the mouth, passim. Their dread of mentioning the name of their deceased father, 117. Encampments of the tribes settled on the Niger, 127. The great South-westerly group of, 552. The Ímóshagh represented on the Egyptian monuments, 563.
  • Indigo, first appearance of plant, i. 507. Way of raising, in Bagírmi, iii. 356; in Wádái, 559. Cultivated to great extent, iv. 192, passim.
  • Inscriptions, Roman in Gháríya, i. 130. Berber, 157, 274, passim. Rock, ii. 429.
  • Íregenáten, subdivisions of, v. 561. Peaceable tribes of, 562.
  • Iron, best iron in Búbanjídda, ii. 376, 509. Good quality in Mándará, 534, but indifferent in Kanó, 142. In Bagírmi, 597. In Wádái, 559.
  • Iron-stone abundant near Múnghonó, ii. 549.
  • Irrigation by lámbona or khattatír, i. 319; ii. 83; iii. 35. In Kánem, iii. 88; v. 158.
  • Ísa, Songhay name of the Niger, iv. 390.
  • Ísa-bére, the principal branch of the Ísa, towns and villages along the bank of the, from Díre to Sansándi, v. 470. Towns and villages on the south-eastern branch between Móbti and Jenni, 474.
  • Ísayé village, tower-like granaries, iv. 331. Inhabitants, 332. Deserted at a later period, v. 38.
  • Ísge district of Marghí, ii. 389. Village and its inhabitants, 390. Hut and costume, 532. Funeral dance, 535.
  • Islamism, struggle between, and paganism, ii. 40. When introduced into Central Negroland, 74; into Kánem, 265, 635; into Logón, iii. 304; into Bagírmi, 435; into Wádái, 529; into Songhay, iv. 409, 583.
  • Itísan, historical notices of, i. 353. Subdivisions of, 356.
  • Jacob, Jew servant to Denham and Clapperton, i. 4.
  • Jafarábe, group of islands in Upper Niger, important for commercial intercourse, iv. 484; v. 474.
  • Jawára, Park’s Jarra, former capital of Melle, v. 491.
  • Jebel Manterús, ascent of, i. 42.
  • Jebel Msíd, ascent of, i. 56.
  • Jéga, important town of Kebbi, commerce of, iv. 202; v. 325.
  • Jeháya valley, or well, v. 436.
  • Jenúr village and inhabitants, v. 514.
  • Jerma, old, described, i. 155. Roman sepulchre, 157. New, 158.
  • Jibáli village and mountains, v. 516.
  • Jídder, ruined hamlet, fine crops, v. 301.
  • Jimbálla district on Niger, towns in, v. 478.
  • Jíngerí village, v. 387.
  • Jinni, or Jenni, founded, iv. 582. Adopts Islám, 586. Subject to Melle, 587. Conquered by Sonni ʿAlí, 594.
  • Jínninau valley, magnetic iron-stone near, i. 292.
  • Judicial decision amongst the Marghí, by cock-fighting, ii. 535.
  • Júggurú territory, iv. 217.
  • Jýju district, hamlets in, v. 337, note.
  • Kábara town and inhabitants, iv. 395-402. 473. Special governor in former times, 419. Passage wrongly understood, ii. 646.
  • Kábowa village, ii. 212.
  • Káda-márga village, iii. 368.
  • Kadamméllet mount, i. 311, 312.
  • Kadúna river, ii. 562, 565.
  • Kagza, well of, iv. 16.
  • Kákalí village, iii. 194.
  • Kákarú town, v. 653.
  • Kála, westernmost town of territory of Logón, iii. 281.
  • Kála, considerable Bámbara town, former importance, iv. 589; v. 489.
  • Kalála Tebu village, mode of preparing salt at, v. 427.
  • Kálemrí Bórnu village, in its state of welfare, ii. 198. Half deserted, v. 384.
  • Kalíkágorí village, iii. 29.
  • Kalíluwá village, near Kúkawa, first arrival at, ii. 242. Encampment in, on setting out for Timbúktu, iv. 12.
  • Káliluwá Grémarí village, school at, ii. 543.
  • Kallíyul town, on the valley of Fógha, notice of bravery of inhabitants, iv. 229; v. 315.
  • Kálowa village described, ii. 206.
  • Kámbasa, walled town of Kebbi, iv. 205, 206. Specimens of civil strife, ib.
  • Kámmané town of Zánfara and inhabitants, v. 352.
  • Kánem, the original portion of the Bórnu Empire, ii. 262, 633. Power of, 636. When given up to the Bulála, 641. Reconquered, 645. Most important indigenous tribes of, ii. 274. General character of, iii. 40. Bórnu white shirts the medium of commerce in, 75. Account of the eastern parts of, 481. Imám Ahmed’s account of, iii. 498.
  • Kánembú, their superior appearance in comparison with the Kanúri, v. 413. Settled on shores of the Tsád, ii. 329. Cattle-breeders, ii. 332. Their original native attire, 330. Manner of protecting their heads from rain, 526. Huts figured, v. 411.
  • Kanó and its inhabitants, ii. 97. Ground plan of town, 107. Quarters of, 121. History of, 116, 562. Not identical with Ghána, 117. Population, 124. Commerce, 125. Revenues and administration of the province, 143. Chief places in the province, 558. Second residence in, v. 358. Climate unfavourable to Europeans, 360.
  • Kanó to Álamáy, route by way of Khadéja, ii. 195, note.
  • Kanta, fights the King of Bórnu, ii. 645. dynasty of, in Kebbi, iv. 213. Vanquishes the King of Songhay, 603.
  • Kanúri, identical with Bornáwi, origin of name [changed by the Mandingoes into the form Kánin-ké]. Characteristics of, ii. 164. Fine specimens of Kanúri females, ii. 522.
  • Kanyénni, important market-place of Wangaráwa noticed, iv. 558.
  • Karámmia trees, ii. 12.
  • Karáwa, former capital of Mándará, ii. 654.
  • Kárba village, ii. 353.
  • Kardi, walled town of Kebbi, corn-magazine, iv. 212.
  • Káre town and vicinity, v. 518.
  • Kargha, or Karka, the S.E. corner of the Tsád, ii. 200; iii. 514, 534.
  • Kárgímawa village, ii. 190.
  • Kári, or Konna, important town, on Upper Niger, v. 466.
  • Kasambára, chief place of Bághena, v. 500.
  • Kasánni hamlet and vicinity, v. 280.
  • Kashímma town, ii. 222.
  • Káso village, iv. 89.
  • Kasr Khafáji ʿAámer, el gharbí and e’ sherkí, remarkable specimens of ruins of Byzantine and middle-age architecture, i. 106, 108.
  • Kasr Dawán, remarkable specimen of a stronghold of Arab chieftain, i. 73.
  • Kasr Dóga, Roman sepulchre of immense size in the Tarhóna, i. 70.
  • Kasr el Jahalíyeh, Mohammedan legends concerning, i. 18.
  • Kasr el Jebel, Turkish fortress of, i. 24. Excursion from, 25-32.
  • Kasr Jefára and its vicinity, i. 84.
  • Kasr Ghurián, Turkish fortress of, i. 43, 49.
  • Kátsena, town of, ii. 43. More healthy than Kanó, ii. 81. History and description of, 69. Kings of, 73. Surrounding country, 84. Quarters of the town, 555. Chief places in the province, 557. Return to, iv. 95. Interview with the governor, 97. Amount of tribute paid by, iv. 127.
  • Katakírri, edible bulbous root, ii. 387.
  • Katúru, walled town of Zánfara, iv. 128.
  • Kauye-n-Sálakh, magnificent tulip-tree near, ii. 9.
  • Kawa great chief of Awelímmid in former times, iv. 628.
  • Káwa village, ii. 335.
  • Káwo, the characteristic weed of Negroland. See Asclepias gigantea.
  • Kebbi, province of, iv. 204. Form of name, iv. 163, note. Partition of, between Sókoto and Gando, 533. Fertile but swampy valleys, v. 323. Former importance of, v. 319. Dynasty of Kanta, iv. 213, 603. Number of walled towns in, 204.
  • Kechídúniyá village, iv. 40.
  • Keghámma, former dignity in Bórnu, ii. 467.
  • Keghámma, in Kánem, iii. 101.
  • Kelára antelope, notice of, ii. 325.
  • Kél, meaning of the word, i. 237, 339.
  • Kél e’ Súk tribe, whence named, v. 181. Their peculiar character, v. 199. Subdivisions of, v. 559.
  • Keléno district, rich in natron, described, iv. 65.
  • Kél-fadé, their former nobility, i. 352.
  • Kél-gerés, historical notices of, i. 350. Subdivisions of, 367.
  • Kél-n-Nokúnder, notice of the, v. 99. Second residence with them, 131.
  • Kél-owí, historical notices of, i. 338. Rule of succession, 341. Their degraded character, 343. Sections of the tribe, 344. Hostility against the Kel-gerés, 354, 396. Expedition against the Welád Slimán, iii. 62
  • Kenáníye, tribe of, in Kánem, ii. 277; iii. 517.
  • Kendáji island, wild scenery of the Niger at, v. 263.
  • Kenga Matáya described, iii. 595. 609.
  • Khalaifa, valley and villages, i. 28-31.
  • Khalílu, Sultan of Gando, character of, iv. 196; v. 328. Extent of his empire, iv. 203.
  • Khat, fertile valley in the western desert, v. 510.
  • Khat e’ Dem, a temporary Arab dwelling-place of camel-hair tents, v. 519.
  • Khat el Moina, celebrated well in the Khat, v. 511.
  • Khér-Alla, the slave governor, interview with, ii. 235.
  • Khurmet bú Mʿatek, a defile, i. 104.
  • Kibbo valley, the northern limit of the white ant, v. 414.
  • Kikla, district of, described, i. 33.
  • Kings of Bórnu, singular ceremonies at the election of, ii. 271. Sensible of fine scenery, iii. 143.
  • Kirogáji hills, v. 289.
  • Kirotáshi town on Niger, iv. 539. Route from, to Woghódoghó, 558.
  • Kóbetát tribe, rely for their supply of water on water melons, v. 488.
  • Kóchi village, v. 324.
  • Koiretágo town, iv. 390.
  • Kókia tree, ii. 39. The most common tree in the Músgu country, iii. 195. et passim.
  • Kókoroché Bagírmi village, iii. 359, 460.
  • Kóla, strong walled town of Kebbi, iv. 216.
  • Kola-nuts. See Gúro-nuts.
  • Kolí, walled town, and vicinity, v. 499.
  • Kólle-kólle, Bagírmi village, iii. 355, 459.
  • Komádugu of Bórnu, described, ii. 222; iv. 20.
  • Kong, town of Wángara, noticed, iv. 557.
  • Kóra, large island, in Upper Niger, iv. 387.
  • Kóra, other smaller island, v. 106.
  • Koramma, general meaning of “small watercourse,” i. 264.
  • Kória village, iv. 285.
  • Koriñína and its inhabitants, iii. 605.
  • Korna or kurna tree, wide extent over Negroland, ii. 100. Its fruit not unpleasant, iii. 269. Beautiful specimens, iii. 381.
  • Kórom village and vicinity, iii. 176.
  • Koróme, outer harbour of Timbúktu, iv. 392.
  • Korórofa, its former power, ii. 116. Description of, 581.
  • Kortíta tribe, on the Niger, v. 281.
  • Kostárí village, iii. 265.
  • Kótokó, province of, historical view of, iii. 276. Different dialects of, 271.
  • Koyám district and inhabitants described, iv. 14. Tribes of the, 19.
  • Krénik, former capital of the Soy, iii. 279.
  • Kserát Shigge, town, v. 500.
  • Kúbo, Songhay town, described, iv. 320.
  • Kúgha, identical with Kúkia, the old capital of Songhay, account of, iv. 583.
  • Kúka, town of Kebbi, iv. 216.
  • Kúka mairuá, camping ground, ii. 157. Kúka mai furá, ib.
  • Kúkawa, present capital of Bórnu, a modern town, not identical with Gaoga, ii. 243. Described, great fair at, 307. Interviews with the vizier, 247, 250, 550. Return to, iii. 1. Rainy season in, ib. Festival, 15. Last residence in, v. 391. Fulfilment of vow, 394.
  • Kúka, or Kúku, tribe of, settled in Fittrí and along the Bat-há, iii. 427, 502, 515, 585, passim.
  • Kúla-n-kérki described, i. 547.
  • Kulféla, very important market place of Mósi, iv. 559.
  • Kúlkadá village, iv. 108.
  • Kúlman, independent Songhay town, and its inhabitants, v. 652.
  • Kumba town and its inhabitants, v. 499.
  • Kumkúmmia, a Euphorbia, from which poison for arrows is obtained, i. 532.
  • Kuna, or Kunna, town and important market place on Upper Niger, v. 517. And Móbti, towns and villages between, 475.
  • Kunta tribe, sections of, in Ázawád, v. 463. In Aderér, 536.
  • Kurán, chanting of, in the desert, iv. 466, 511. The opening prayer of, ii. 496. The divergent precepts of, made a point of serious dispute and quarrel between my friends and enemies, v. 642. Read at the sepulchres of the old kings of Bórnu, iii. 501. Said to be handed down to the rulers of Songhay from Egypt, iv. 583.
  • Kúrayé town and vicinity, iv. 109.
  • Kúri, large species of bull, ii. 200.
  • Kúrrefi, town and remarkable fortifications, iv. 3.
  • Kurúlu village and mount, ii. 437.
  • Kusáda, large town of province of Kátsena, ii. 89; v. 356.
  • Kúsh, town of Bághena, and inhabitants, v. 500.
  • Kwána tribe, ii. 581; iii. 132.
  • Kwára, lower part of Niger, chiefly used by American slavers, ii. 133. See Niger.
  • Laháula Marghí village and its inhabitants, ii. 405, 532.
  • Laing, Major, dates of his journeys, murder of, iv. 630. Probable motives of the conduct of the Tawárek towards him, 453. note. Kindness of the Sheikh el Bakay’s father towards him, 454. (Compare i. 570.) His stay in the “hille,” 570. None of his papers in existence, iv. 455.
  • Lake of Bibán, i. 10.
  • Lamíso town and market of Bórnu, v. 379.
  • Larba or Láraba, independent Songhay town, iv. 267; v. 282, 653.
  • Leather of Kátsena celebrated, iv. 99.
  • Leather tents, iv. 340.
  • Leather work of Ágades, i. 454. Of Kanó, ii. 130. Of Sókoto, iv. 180. Of Timbúktu, v. 18.
  • Lellóli village and vicinity, v. 290.
  • Leo Africanus, a very good authority for general relations, but not to be trusted in single instances, ii. 266; quoted passim.
  • Leptis and its ruins, i. 81.
  • Lére village and vicinity, v. 483.
  • Letter worn as a charm, iv. 297. Impression of letter received near Timbúktu, v. 141.
  • Lewána town, v. 492.
  • Libtáko province, iv. 281. Its capital, 287. Political state, 293. Places in, 295, note. Fine breed of horses, iv. 294.
  • Lion of Áír, i. 482. And of the whole border region of the desert, v. 270. In great number along the Niger, v. 96, 119, 131, 270.
  • Locusts roasted, a favourite dish, ii. 30.
  • Locusts and hawks, swarms of, ii. 217. Great droves of, v. 242.
  • Logón, province of, iii. 281. Historical account of, 303. Food, manufactures, and language, 307-309. Towns and villages, 525.
  • Logón, river and town, iii. 209, 465.
  • Logón, Bírni, town and its inhabitants, iii. 286. Palace of the Ibálaghwan, 287. Palace of the sultan, 289.
  • Lombo-tendi, a village and well of the Rumá, v. 490.
  • Lord Palmerston’s despatch, copy of, iii. 526. His kind reception on my return, v. 452.
  • Lord Clarendon’s benevolence, v. 452.
  • Lord Russell’s letter, v. 141.
  • Lúshiri village, ii. 213.
  • Mábani town and neighbourhood, ii. 364.
  • Macguire, Corporal, slain at Bedwáram, v. 417.
  • Mádani, El, his sect, i. 13, 180.
  • Madrúsa village, of Fezzán, v. 444.
  • Maduwári village, near the Tsád, and its inhabitants, ii. 328. Death of Mr. Overweg at, iii. 476.
  • Má-faras, southern well of, arrival in a state of exhaustion, v. 437.
  • Magá district, ii. 359.
  • Mágara bush, uses of, ii. 95.
  • Magariá, notice of the tree and its uses, i. 522.
  • Magáriyá town, near Sókoto, site of, iv. 168, 177.
  • Magh-tér and Tíris, districts of the westerly desert, described, and Moorish tribes in, v. 541.
  • Mágira, or Queen Mother, her influence in Bórnu, ii. 273; in Bagírmi, iii. 483; in Wádái, 554; in Múniyó, iv. 56.
  • Magnetic ironstone, i. 292.
  • Maídugurí, market-place described, ii. 363.
  • Maíjirgí village and inhabitants, iv. 90.
  • Máikonomarí-kurá town, iv. 31.
  • Máje district, its fertility and beauty, iv. 108.
  • Máje town, v. 356.
  • Makám, holy station, Makám e’ Sheikh ben ʿAbd el Kerím, i. 385. Makám, on road from Asëu to Tawát, 563.
  • Máket-n-íkelán curious custom at, i. 288.
  • Maktachúchí pool with river-horses, v. 522.
  • Malám villages, v. 377.
  • Mámmarí village, iv. 30.
  • Manatus. See Ayú.
  • Mandó, or Mondó, important town of eastern part of Kánem, iii. 486, 489.
  • Manga province and its inhabitants described, iv. 29. Manga female, 30. Places in, 30, note. Warriors and their equipment, ii. 184.
  • Mansa Músa, greatest king of Melle, notice of, iv. 587, 588.
  • Manure used by Músgu, iii. 208.
  • Manzo, Kashella Manzo, iv. 32.
  • Marárraba, half-way between Ghát and Áír, i. 277. Between Sókoto and Wurnó, iv. 564.
  • Marde well and vicinity, v. 515.
  • Marghí tribe, notice of the, ii. 398. Superiority of their race, 399. Relation to country, list of places, 403, note. Funeral dance, 535.
  • Mári mount, i. 505.
  • Mariámarí village, lion at, v. 387.
  • Mariaw ridge, i. 258.
  • Marikoire and Debála, places in Bághena, towns and villages between, v. 497.
  • Marikoire and Dinga, towns and villages between, v. 497.
  • Market frequented during the hottest hours of the day, ii. 168. Of Ágades, i. 477. Tasáwa, ii. 21; Gazáwa, 37. Kátsena, 59. Kanó, 103. Kúkawa, 308. Ujé, 370. Saráwu, 445. Díkowa, iii. 143. Más-eña, iii. 380; at Ábú-Gher, 386. Principal market places in Wadái, iii. 457. In Timbúktu, iv. 481; v. 18. Dóre, iv. 288-292. In Mósi, iv. 559. Along the Upper Niger, v. 483, 494. In the country of the Wangaráwa, iv. 558.
  • Marriage ceremonies of the Kanúri, iii. 35, note. I shall here adduce what I forgot to remark with regard to Timbúktu, that there the young husband and his wife are obliged to remain three days at home after the marriage ceremony. Sanctity of marriage even among the pagan tribes, ii. 17, passim.
  • Márte town and inhabitants, iii. 126.
  • Más-eñá, capital of Bagírmi, its commerce and inhabitants, iii. 369-424. Ground-plan, 388. Palace of the Sultan, 389. Arrival of the Sultan, 401; his triumphal entry, 403.
  • Máshena, Bórnu town, ii. 188; v. 379. Interview with the governor of, ii. 179.
  • Másakwá (Holcus cernuus) cultivation of, in Bórnu, ii. 241. Got in in December and January, iii. 284.
  • Másina country on the Upper Niger. Description of principal districts, v. 475. Its ruler, iv. 458; 474, note. His hostility towards me, 495, passim.
  • Máuri district, places in, iv. 549.
  • Mʿawó town of Kánem, account of, iii. 481. Valleys in the neighbourhood, 483. Its ancient celebrity, 500.
  • Mbutúdi village, and its picturesque character described, ii. 425.
  • Méhedí, the expectation of his speedy appearance, iv. 359.
  • Méheres, town of, described, i. 5.
  • Méheri, swift camel, i. passim.
  • Mélé ferry, on the Shárí, iii. 318. Detained for the first time, 324; second time, 363.
  • Melle kingdom, iv. 586-589. Begins to decline, 592. Important in power and the gold trade, 593. Forms of government, 588. Cause of extinction, v. 502.
  • Méndefi mount, probably trachytic, ii. 395.
  • Merábetín identical with Aníslimen tribes, given to a holy life and study. The Merábetín of Tin-taghóde attack and pillage the expedition, i. 315. Suffer from a foray of the Awelímmid, 322. Are punished by the Sultan of Ágades, 440. Their warlike and revolutionary character, 492.
  • Merké fruit said to preserve horses from worms, iv. 111.
  • Mesállaje at Ágades, i. 449.
  • Meselláta, plain of, i. 75. Fortress, 77.
  • Mésheru well, surrounded by human bones, v. 441.
  • Meteorological Registers, i. 571; ii. 673; iii. 609; iv. 631; v. 655.
  • Mice, abundance of, i. 540.
  • Mínge village, v. 301. Visit to the governor, 303.
  • Mínta district, iv. 353.
  • Mírriya town described, iv. 76.
  • Mithkál a weight of gold of different value of Ágades, i. 467, 479. Of Timbúktu, v. 23. Sansanne Mangho, iv. 556.
  • Mizda, its scenery and inhabitants, i. 100.
  • Móbti town, v. 474.
  • Mohammed ben Áhmed Sheríf, his journey to Lake Nyassa ii. 489. Last meeting with, iv. 34.
  • Mohammed ben ʿAbd el Kerím, great apostle of Central Negroland, place of prayer in the valley of Tághist, founded by, i. 385. His influence in Kátsena, ii. 74, 76. His death and connection with the history of Songhay, iv. 606.
  • Mohammed Bóro joins the expedition, i. 165. Irritated against us, 179. Stirs up the camp, 278. Rendered friendly, 303. His house and family at Ágades, 403. Friendly parting from, 432. His patriarchal character, 408.
  • Mohammed ben Khottár, the Sheikh, El Bakáy’s nephew, v. 71, 160, 230, 239, passim.
  • Mohammed Galaíjo, chief of Champagóre, iv. 254, 464. His son, 472.
  • Mohammed Titíwi, ominous meeting with him, ii. 338.
  • Mohammed e’ Sfáksi disputes with the Tawárek chiefs, i. 181. Debt towards him contracted by the mission, iii. 246; at length discharged, iii. 473. Last trouble with him, iv. 103. Final meeting, v. 375.
  • Mohammed Lebbo, founder of Pullo kingdom of Másina, iv. 256, 629.
  • Mohammed Lowel, governor of Ádamáwa, interview with, ii. 490.
  • Mohammed Trumba, or el ʿAkerút, and his slave caravan, i. 185. His service in bringing me a good supply of money, iv. 81.
  • Moító, town of Bagírmi, described, iii. 566.
  • Mókori village of Bagírmi, iii. 334, 351.
  • Mókoró district and its inhabitants, iii. 463.
  • Molghoy district, ii. 379. Village and its inhabitants, i. 380, 537.
  • Mondó village. See Mandó.
  • Monge, village of camel-hair tents, v. 541.
  • Moríki town, v. 350.
  • Morocco, emperor of, sends an army to invade Songhay, iv. 610. A second time, and with success, 614. Conquers the whole of Negroland from Bághena to Déndina, 623. Merchants of, their jealousy against me during my stay in Timbúktu, iv. 496; v. 5. Trade of Morocco with Timbúktu, 33.
  • Mósi province and inhabitants, notices of, iv. 550. Importance of the country in the struggle between Paganism and Islamism, 551. Their cotton strips, iv. 290. Their asses, 289.
  • Mosquitoes, great nuisance in Kebbi, v. 318. Mountain group, sketch of an interesting, i. 202. Ranges, view of, 294. Uniform character of, in North Africa, passim.
  • Mount Tekút, ascent of, i. 44.
  • Mowedína town, v. 492.
  • Moyet village, v. 514.
  • Múbi town and vicinity, ii. 419, 526. Description of a hut, 527.
  • Múglebú village, ii. 524. Its rich vegetation after the rains,
  • Mújerán lake, a part of Niger, v. 484.
  • Múláy Hámed. See Morocco.
  • Múláy el Méhedí, his knowledge of astronomy, v. 12.
  • Mules rare in Negroland, ii. 156.
  • Mundóro village, curious thatch-work, iv. 328.
  • Múniyó, mountainous province of, iv. 42. Revenues derived from, 52. Principal towns and villages, 57, note. Singular ceremony at the election of its rulers, ii. 271.
  • Múniyóma, governor of Múniyó, his princely character, iv. 55.
  • Munke village, iii. 284.
  • Murja, walled town of Bághena, and its inhabitants, v. 499.
  • Múrzuk, arrival at, i. 162. Description of, 166. Its character approaching that of a town of Negroland, 168. Return to, v. 445.
  • Músgu country, expedition to, iii. 159. Enter, 173. Pillaged village, 175. Chief places in, 178, note. Its unfavourable situation, 183.
  • Músgu tribe, notices of, iii. 178. Industry in manuring their fields, 208. Worship their ancestors, 190. Their fetish, 179. Weapons, 198. Women, national dress of, 238. Dwellings, 204, 349, 350.
  • Mústafají village, iii. 330.
  • Nʿama town and inhabitants, v. 490.
  • Namantúgu and its inhabitants, iv. 282. Mentioned in the history of Songhay, 607.
  • Natron caravans, ii. 159.
  • Natron incrustations in Aïr, i. 389. Chief places where natron is procured in Negroland, ibidem. Difference of, iv. 160.
  • Natron lake, iv. 45. Of Keléno, iv. 66. Of Badamúni, iv. 72.
  • Natron trade in Kanó, ii. 132. In Gummel, 169.
  • Neat-dung, salt prepared from, iii. 45.
  • ——, fresh used for plastering the inside of the walls and excluding vermin, iii. 301.
  • Needles, value of, as an article of exchange, iii. 167. Various kinds of needles wanted in different regions, iv. 313. The general custom of giving needles as small presents to people on the road, passim.
  • Negro, few really Negro tribes in the interior of the continent, ii. 383.
  • Negroland, El Bekrí’s account of, iv. 583. El Edrísi’s account of, noticed, 585. Leo’s account of, i. 462, ii. 266, and passim. Policy in, iii. 232. Sad condition of, v. 341.
  • Nests, pendulous, iii. 170.
  • Ngála town described, iii. 270.
  • Ngárruwá town, iv. 42.
  • Ngégimi village and inhabitants, iii. 46; v. 412. Route from, to Berí, 52, note.
  • Nghákeli, north limit of the balanites, description of the valley, i. 265.
  • Ngórnu town and vicinity, ii. 320. iii. 470.
  • Ngurútuwa (general name, meaning “a place full of river horses”), grave of Mr. Richardson at, ii. 218. Towns of similar name, passim.
  • Niger, first view of, iv. 240. Its various names mean “river,” 241. (Origin of name Niger from “n-eghírrëu.”). Boats on, 242. Network of creeks, 361. Probable explanation of its anomalous rising, v. 5. Difference in the quality of the water of the two branches of the Upper Niger, 477. Nutritious grass growing in, see Byrgu. Information of districts along the Niger from Timbúktu to Sansánding, v. 470. Places along, between Wáraka island and Ansóngho, 135, note.
  • Nimádi, a wild set of hunters, v. 518.
  • Njímie, old capital of Kánem, ii. 258, 645; iii. 501, 505.
  • Nomadic herdsmen in Bórnu, ii. 229.
  • Núggera valley, iv. 432.
  • Núkuma district on island Rúde, v. 517.
  • Nux purgans, iv. 171.
  • Nyámina town and market place, v. 494.
  • Nyéngay lake, iv. 367.
  • Oil-palm in Ádamáwa, ii. 506. Isolated specimen in the valley Fógha, v. 316.
  • Oitílli island (identical with Ghútil), appearance of the Niger at, v. 290.
  • Ojúft, town of Áderér, and inhabitants, v. 538.
  • Olalówa, town of Damerghú, described, i. 548.
  • Óm el hammám, village of Fezzán, described, i. 172.
  • Onions introduced together with wheat, ii. 314; iii. 382. Great benefit to European travellers, ib. Wúshek, iv. 61. Very excellent in Gando, iii. 202. Introduced into Timbúktu, iv. 396.
  • Orthography adopted, explanation of the, i. p. xxxiii.
  • Orycteropus Æthiopicus, i. 526; ii. 233.
  • ʿOthmán Búgomán, prince of Bagírmi, career of, iii. 436-442.
  • ʿOthmán dan Fódiye the Reformer, his influence, iv. 152; his song, 531.
  • Overweg, Dr., his qualifications, vol. i. p. xv. Arrives at Tunis, 1. His memoranda, iii. 9. His journey to Tasáwa, ii. 12. Arrival in Kúkawa, 342. Voyage on the Tsád, iii. 8. Journey to Gújeba and Fíka, 470. His death and burial on the borders of Lake Tsád, 477.
  • Pagan charm, iii. 265.
  • Paganism, struggle of, with Islamism, ii. 41; iii. 135, 183; iv. 121, passim. Mósi champions of paganism, iv. 551. Remains of paganism in Mohammedan communities, iii. 263, 370.
  • Palm, the three species of palms common to Negroland in the same locality, iii. 194.
  • Park, Mungo, revenge for injuries inflicted by, a probable motive to the attack of the Tawárek upon Major Laing, iv. 453, note. Áwáb’s account of, 506. Fired at any one who approached in a threatening attitude, v. 201. Bad effects of this, 202. Reminiscences of, 162, 180, 218, 246. Mistaken with regard to Ségo, iv. 469, note.
  • Pennisetum distichum, its annoyance and uses, i. 390, 523, 529; iv. 64, 221; et passim.
  • Pepper indispensable in hot countries, iv. 87.
  • Pharaoh, tradition regarding the visit of a, to Burrum on the Niger, v. 192.
  • Pigeons, multitudes of wild, and device against, ii. 205. Pigeons in great request and cheap in Timbúktu, iv. 443.
  • Pilgrim traders, ii. 366; iii. 315; iv. 234, passim.
  • Pirtwa village, ii. 354.
  • Plough drawn by slaves in the valley of Aúderas, i. 387. No plough used in Negroland, 388.
  • Poa, edible, in Bórnu, iii. 29. Various species, 256. In great use in Bagírmi and Wádái, iii. 405, 447.
  • Poisoned arrows, remedy against, ii. 167.
  • Polygamy, singular illustration in favour of, iv. 102. Polygamy limited by Fúlbe of Másina to bigamy, iv. 257.
  • Portuguese, their endeavours to open up the interior of Africa, iv. 602, 605, 606.
  • Prayers for the dead, v. 57.
  • Priesthood, no distinct, iii. 207.
  • Prodigal Son, story of the, in Temáshight, v. 639.
  • Produce of Africa, iii. 233.
  • Púllo. See Fúlbe.
  • Púllo Ibrahím, the pious and learned pilgrim, notice of, ii. 284.
  • Rabda and its villages, i. 38-42.
  • Ráfi-n-Máuri, large, swampy valley, iv. 224.
  • Rains, great diversity of, in different localities, iii. 3. Rare in the morning, i. 332, ii. 526. In Aír, i. 362. In the desert, v. 428. Little in Kúkawa, iii. 4. Much in Gando, v. 329. For the register of the fall of rain, see Meteorological Tables.
  • Rainy season in Kúkawa, iii. 3.
  • Ralle, pass of, described, i. 205.
  • Rás el má, celebrated creek of Niger, v. 485.
  • Reade, Mr., H.M.’s vice-consul in Tripoli, his kindness, i. 16; v. 450, 451.
  • Rédaní district described, iv. 17.
  • Red worms, march of, iv. 323.
  • Religious structures, i. 58, 74.
  • Rén, town of Logón, described, iii. 273.
  • Ribágo village and district, ii. 480.
  • Rice, wild, in the forests south of Bórnu, iii. 161. Cultivated in part of Ádamáwa, ii. 481. In Kebbi, iv. 181, 205, passim. Rice tiggra in Bagírmi, iii. 375. Not cultivated in Bórnu, easternmost limit of cultivation, iv. 91. In Bagírmi, 447. Introduced from Egypt to Burrum on the Niger, v. 194. Rice only to be got in the husk, 195. In El Hódh, 505.
  • Richardson, Mr., his arrival in Tripoli, i. 16. His trouble with the chiefs of Ghát, 239. His death, ii. 203. (For account of his sickness see my letter, published in the Preface to his own Journal.) His grave, 218. His property, 249.
  • Riverhorses very common in almost all stagnant or running waters of Negroland, passim. Their wrath at being disturbed, v. 227.
  • Rivers, their names in Negroland merely signify water, iii. 299.
  • Roman remains at El Jem, i. 3; at El Medaina, 12; and near Um e’ Zerzán, 33; in Tarhóna, 68, 70; Gwásem, 93. Ruins in Wádí Talha, 113; in Wádí Tagíje, 117; sepulchres near the well Taboníye, 123, 124; gateway at Gharíya el gharbíya, 126. In e’ Sherkíye, 133. Near Jerma, the southernmost relic of their dominion, 156.
  • Routes:
  • Ádamáwa: from Chámba to Báya, iii. 616, 617.
  • Chámba to Tibáti, ii. 621, 623; Tibáti to the Íbo country, 624.
  • Chébowa to Láme, ii. 609.
  • Géwe to Kárnak Lógone, ii. 60; to Lére, 606.
  • Gidér to Fátawel, ii. 598.
  • Gúrin to Ray-Búba, ii. 603; Ray-Búba to Ribágo, 604; Ribágo to Saráwu, 606.
  • Hamárruwa to Yóla, ii. 588; by way of Kóncha. 589.
  • Kóncha to Jóro-Fángel and Báya, ii. 618, 619; Jóro-Fángel to the Jétem country, 627.
  • Méso, by Hína, to Íssege, ii. 600.
  • Morá to Yóla, ii. 591.
  • Ngaúndere to the Batí, ii. 631.
  • Óblo to Démmo, ii. 608; Démmo to Lága, 611.
  • Ray to Láme and Lága, ii. 611; to Lére, 607.
  • Ray-Búba to Báya, ii. 613; to Mbáfu, 629.
  • Saráwu, by Gidér, to Fátawel and Bínder, ii. 597.
  • Yóla, by Gúrin, to Báya, ii. 614.
  • Ágades to Azawád, i. 568; to Bílma, 558; to Damerghú, 558; to Marádi, 556; to Sókoto, 555; to Tawát, 560.
  • Desert, western half; Átar to Tejígja or Rashíd, v. 511; Tejígja to Jáfena, 512.
  • Aúlef to Mabrúk, western road, v. 459.
  • Bakel, by Asába, to the frontier of Tagánet, v. 515.
  • Hamda-Alláhi, by Sʿa, to Kábara, v. 476: to Káñima, 477; to Kahaide, by Meshíla, 517; Kahaide to the frontier of Tagánet, 514.
  • Ínzíze to Gógo, v. 458.
  • Kasambára to Bú-Jedúr, v. 492; to Jawára, 491; to Kóla, direct, 498; to Mesíla, 493; to Nyámina, 494; by Murja to Nyámina, 495; to Tishít, 505; to Waláta, 490.
  • Kasr el Barka to Bú-télimít, v. 512; to Kahaide, 513; Kahaide to the frontier of Tagánet, 515.
  • Meshíla to Bakel, v. 522.
  • Murja to Mekoye, v. 497.
  • Sansándi to Kasambára, zigzag, v. 498; to Timbúktu, 482.
  • Tawát, by Mabrúk, to Timbúktu, v. 457.
  • Timbúktu, by Gúndam and Yówaru, to Hamda-Alláhi, v. 467; by Basikúnnu, to Sansándi, 481; to Waláta, 484; to the hillet Sídi el Mukhtár, iv. 454, note.
  • Wadán to Ághadír Dóme, v. 550; to El Khat, circuitous, 510; to Rashíd, by El Khat, 510; to Tishít, 508; to Waláta, 509.
  • Waláta to Sansándi, v. 488, 489.
  • Yówaru to Tenéngu, v. 468; to Ya-saláme, 472, note.
  • Dar-Fúr:
  • Tendélti to Ám-majúra, iii. 584; to Runga, 583.
  • Déndina province: from Sókoto to Komba, on the Niger, iv. 544.
  • Yélu to Yáuri, iv. 538.
  • Gurma and Mósi provinces: from Bóne, by Konna, to Hamda-Alláhi, v. 465; Champagóre to Landó, iv. 599.
  • Hómbori, by Konna to Hamda-Alláhi, v. 465.
  • Jíbo to Kaye, iv. 561.
  • Káñima to Hamda-Alláhi, v. 478.
  • Kaye to Wóghodoghó, iv. 561; to Belússa and Belánga, 563.
  • Kirotáshi to Wóghodoghó, iv. 558.
  • Komba to Majóri, v. 554; to Sansanne Mangho and Salga, 554.
  • Máni to Kong, iv. 562; return, 563.
  • Píssela to Dóre, iv. 564.
  • Salga, by Kong, to Tañéra, iv. 557.
  • Ségo to Méggara, iv. 565.
  • Tánkurgú to Sansánne Mangho, iv. 560.
  • Yágha to Belánga, iv. 560.
  • Yendi to Yágha, iv. 263, note.
  • Kánem: from ʿAlímarí to Kárnak Lógone, iii. 488.
  • Berí to Taghgel, iii. 486; Tághgel, by ʿAlímarí, to Moíto, 488.
  • Bír el Kurna, by Bír el ʿAtesh and Mússebí, to Egé, iii. 491; Egé to Yen or Beled el ʿOmiyán, 493.
  • Mʿawó to Taghgel, iii. 484.
  • Routes in Kánem in the sixteenth century, iii. 498-520.
  • Ngégimi to Egé, iii. 491.
  • Yʿawó to Mʿawó, iii. 489.
  • Kanó and neighbouring provinces: from Dárasó to Yákoba, ii. 584.
  • Kanó to Katab, ii. 570; Katab to Yákoba, 573; Kanó to Yákoba, 571; to Zinder, 559; by Záriya, to Keffi-n-Abdezénga, 562.
  • Jemmáʿa-n-Darróro to Keffi-n-Abdezénga, with branch to Láfiya Beréberé, ii. 566.
  • Katágum to Shéra, ii. 585; Shéra to Yákoba, 587.
  • Keffi-n-Abdezénga to Tóto and Fánda, ii. 567.
  • Záriya, by Katab, to Darróro, ii. 564.
  • To Yákoba, from different points, ii. 575.
  • Wádáy and Bagírmi: from Babáliyá to Moíto, iii. 616.
  • Busó to Miltú, iii. 590; to Bang-Day, 600.
  • Cháken to Kim, iii. 598.
  • Fittrí to Mʿawó, iii. 586, 587.
  • Kúkawa, by Logón Bírni and Busó, to Bang-Bay, iii. 613.
  • Láffaná to Bang-Bay, iii. 596.
  • Lay to Sálin, iii. 599.
  • Mábbelé to Fong, and from Fong to Busó, iii. 602; to Lay and Kim, 598.
  • Más-eñá to Báng-Bay, iii. 600, 604; to Busó, by Laíry, 594; to Gógomi, 592; to Kénga Matáya, 594; to Kírbe, 591; to Láffaná and Busó, 589; to Laíry and Moíto, by Kólle, 596; to Mʿawó, by Gáwi, 615; to Méddebá, 617; to Moíto by Debába, 596; to Músgu, 603; to Runga and Sillá, 608; to Sálin, 599; to Wára, 563, 565, 569.
  • Miltú to Gógome, iii. 591.
  • Miltú and Day, and from Day to Lay, iii. 601.
  • Sheníni, by Ógrogó, to Bórorít, iii. 572; to Dumta, 577; to Jurlú, 577; to the Móku, or iron mines, 579; to Nyéseré, 578; to Sillá, by way of Ándelá, 580; to Sillá, direct, 581.
  • Wára to Dumta, iii. 575; to Runga, 583; to Sheníni, 570; to Wádi ʿOrádha, 587.
  • Yáuri province: from Bunza to Yáuri, and from Yáuri to Kotá-n-koró, iv. 547.
  • Zabérma province: from Aúgi by Máuri and Zabérma to Támkala, iv. 547.
  • Yéni to Kúrfay, iv. 548.
  • Zanfara province: from Bánagá to Ánka and to Kotór-koshé, iv. 524.
  • Kanó to Sókoto by Káuri-n-Namóda, iv. 522.
  • Rúdu, sleeping-hut, described and figured, iv. 127.
  • Ruined monastery in the Schʿabet Um el Kharáb, i. 108.
  • Rumá, historical notice of the, iv. 431. At Bamba, notice of the, v. 161. In Sébi, on the Niger, 470, 479. Their complexion, 191.
  • Sʿa, important town on Upper Niger, and neighbourhood, v. 476; in former times, iv. 421.
  • Sabón Bírni, walled town, iv. 124.
  • Sahara, districts and tribes of, between Ázawád and Timbúktu on one side, and El Hódh and Bághena on the other, v. 548.
  • Sʿaíd ben Sálah, chapel of, i. 13. Legend concerning, 19.
  • Saint Augustine’s statement regarding the use of bulls for chariot-drawing by the ancient kings of Fezzán, sculptures confirming, i. 199.
  • Sakomáren tribe, account of the, i. 565.
  • Sála, walled town of Kebbi, iv. 195.
  • Salákoró village, v. 499.
  • Salga, chief town of Gonja, emporium of the gúro trade, noticed, iv. 556.
  • Salla-léja, religious festival at Ágades, i. 429.
  • Salt, a commercial staple of Timbúktu, v. 23. Prices of in Timbúktu, v. 25, 138. Salt and gold, principal articles of barter from the most ancient times, 24. Bitter quality of salt of Bilma, i. 504. Excellence of salt of Taödenni, iv. 228. How it is obtained, v. 24. Salt of Ingal, i. 465. Crust of, on elevated ground, i. 148. Cornfields, thickly encrusted with, 159. Localities of, between Asïu and Tawát, i. 565. Prepared from capparis and neat-dung, iii. 44, 45. Mode of extracting from earth in the vale of Fógha, iv. 228. Mode of preparing, and saltpits at Kalála village, v. 427. Mode of preparing in Bumánda, on the Bénuwé, ii. 502, note. In Miltu, on the Shári, iii. 45. Want of, how deeply felt, iv. 611, note.
  • Salt trade in Kanó, ii. 132. In Timbuktu, iv. 485; v. 24.
  • Salt caravan, i. 504. Estimate of its number, ii. 43. See Airi.
  • Sanchérgu, farming hamlet, iv. 251.
  • Sand-hills between Shiyátí and El Gharbi, journey over, i. 148-153. Menace the plantations, 151. Isolated sandhills without water, called Aukár, or Ákela, v. 529. Immense ridges of sandhills in the Western desert, 541, 546.
  • Sánem ben Hamedán, ruins of the temple of, i. 79.
  • San-koré, mosque of, iv. 479; how restored, v. 82.
  • San-shirfu, the Kádhi, v. 577.
  • Sansánne ʿAísa, walled town, iv. 128.
  • Sansánne Mangho, Mandingo town, iv. 555. The gold weight of, v. 23.
  • Sanyáre town, iv. 389.
  • Sár described, iii. 610.
  • Saráwu, important double village; hut described, ii. 438, 439.
  • Sarayámo town and inhabitants, iv. 372.
  • Sáre-dína town, on upper Niger, v. 517.
  • Say, important town on the Niger, iv. 241. Market, 244-247. Its importance for European traffic, 247. Second residence at, v. 295. Market, 297. Appearance of the Niger at, 298.
  • Say, valley of, v. 293.
  • Scorpion, effects of bite of a, iii. 163.
  • Scott the sailor, v. 471.
  • Sculptures in the desert, i. 196.
  • Sebba, chief place of Yágha, town and inhabitants, iv. 275-280. Hut described and figured, 275-277.
  • Sebkha, explanation of the term, i. 10.
  • Séfuwa dynasty, its foundation in Kánem, ii. 262. Of Berber origin, 269.
  • Segéro village and neighbourhood, ii. 431.
  • Selúfiet, valley and village, i. 317.
  • Senhája tribe noticed, iv. 586.
  • Senudébu village and hills, v. 285.
  • Sepulchre of Sídi Mukhtár at Timbúktu, v. 57.
  • Sepulchral monument in Wadi Tagíje, i. 116. At Taboníye, 123.
  • Sepulchres of the Músgu, iii. 190.
  • Sesamum, cultivation of, ii. 95, 433, 655. In Adamáwa, ii. 506; iii. 336, 356, 447; v. 293.
  • Sfákes, halt at, i. 4. Voyage hence to Zarzís, i. 4, 9.
  • Shabáre village, iv. 89.
  • Shʿabet el Kadím, Roman milestones near, i. 97.
  • Shʿabet Um el Kharáb, Christian remains in the, i. 108.
  • Shámo district, ii. 376.
  • Shárí river, iii. 313, 325, 331. Places on the, from Búgomán upwards, 588; from Búgomán downwards, 617. Meaning of name, iii. 209.
  • Shechéri village, v. 384.
  • Sheikh Sídi Áhmed el Bakáy arrives in Timbúktu, iv. 449. First interview with, 453, 457. Religious discussions with, 483, 510. His attachment to his family, 485. Pedigree of, iv. 567. Two poems by, 568. Translated, 574. His letter of recommendation, v. 642. His unceasing kindness, v. 14. Delivers a lecture on the equal rank of the prophets, 42. Prays at the sepulchre for his mother-in-law’s soul, 57. His noble family, 163. Parting with, 239.
  • Shell money, mode of reckoning, ii. 28. Shells principal currency in Kanó, ii. 142; recently introduced into Kúkawa, 311; current in Múniyó, iv. 52; in Zinder, 82; in Sókoto, 162, 170; in Gando, 200; in Say, 246; in Yágha, 278; in Dóre, 290; in Timbúktu, 443. In Bunka, v. 352. No currency in the country towns of Bórnu, ii. 311. In Ádamáwa, ii. 446. In Bagírmi, iii. 381. None in Ísayé, iv. 332.
  • Shibdáwa village, rich scenery, ii. 86.
  • Shigge, term for cotton in Western Negroland, iv. 443, note. Kserát shigge, v. 500.
  • Shinghít town and inhabitants described, v. 510, 537. Extension of name, Shenágita, ib.
  • Shirts, common white of Bórnu, the commercial medium in Kánem, iii. 75; also in Bagírmi, 381; and in Ádamáwa, ii. 471; even in Kúkawa, for buying large objects, 311. See Tobes.
  • Shitáti district, vales of, iii. 107. Shitáti tribe called after the district, iii. 484.
  • Shúwa Arabs, notices of the, ii. 355. Population, notices of, iii. 136. Villages, 154. Remarkable characteristics, 136, 371. Amount of their cavalry, iii. 524. S. native Arabs.
  • Shúwa tribes in Bagírmi, iii. 544; in Wádáy, v. 544.
  • Sídi Álawáte, interview with, iv. 401. Presents extorted by, 439. Religious discussion with, 445.
  • Sídi ʿAlí ben Sálah chapel and ruins, i. 72.
  • Sídi ʿAlí, merchant in Kanó, ii. 102; v. 358.
  • Sídi Mohammed, El Bakáy’s elder brother, arrives at Timbúktu, v. 45. Interests himself in my favour, 53. His character, 83.
  • Síggedim oasis, v. 436.
  • Silla, very important town on upper Niger, where cotton weaving first flourished, v. 30.
  • Silk cotton tree, immense specimens of, placed at the gates of many a town in Negroland. ii. 89; v. 347.
  • Sing-melék, the Vizier, in Wádáy, iii. 553.
  • Sírba river, iv. 268. Reed-raft, 269. Country beyond, 271. Its appearance at Gárbegurú, v. 283; and at Kuttukóle, v. 284.
  • Sínder town and island, in the Niger, v. 273.
  • Síttahe village, iii. 272.
  • Slave-hunting and butchery, iii. 194, 203. Consequences, 224.
  • Slavery in Ádamáwa, ii. 502.
  • Slavery and the slave trade, influence of firearms and civilization upon the increase of, iii. 133. Domestic—its quiet course, ii. 23, 151.
  • Slave trade in Kanó, ii. 131.
  • Slaves cruelly treated by the Tebú, v. 414. Yoked to the plough in the valley of Aúderas, i. 387. Prices of, in the countries S. of Bagírmi, iii. 381. In Más-eña, 420.
  • Smelting furnaces described and figured, iv. 265.
  • Smoking, Músgu passionately fond of, iii. 208. Inhabitants of Niger likewise, v. 161.
  • Snake, large, killed, iii. 57.
  • So or Soy tribe, of its former power, ii. 277, 638, 639. Reduced by the king Edrís Álawóma, 651. One of their former capitals, iii. 279.
  • Soda, corn-fields thickly incrusted with, i. 159.
  • Sóf e’ jín, rich valley, its fertility, i. 104.
  • Sókna town noticed, v. 448.
  • Sókoto, present state of, iv. 155. Aspect of the country, 166. Rulers of, 527. Fúlbe tribes in, 528.
  • Sókoto town described, iv. 173. Second visit to, v. 333. Swollen torrent, 335.
  • Song of Sheikh ʿOthmán, iv. 531.
  • Songhay, historical notices of, iv. 406. Its civil polity, 416. Provinces, 418-422. Commerce, 428. Army, 429. And neighbouring kingdoms, chronological table of, 579.
  • Songhay, independent, between the Niger and my route by Yágha and Libtáko, chief towns and residences of the, v. 652. An inhospitable race, iv. 238; v. 238. Their mode of carrying water in buckets, iv. 318.
  • Songhay and Fúlbe costume and weapons, v. 286.
  • Songho-sáre, farming village, iv. 236.
  • Sonni ʿAlí, king of Negroland, iv. 413, 593. Plunders Timbúktu, 594. Conquers Bághena, 594. Drowned, 596.
  • Spider, large poisonous, v. 175.
  • Stirrups, Arab, valuable properties of, iii. 129.
  • Subterranean villages in the Ghurián, i. 48.
  • Súdo-melle market-place, iv. 555.
  • Sugúrti tribe, costume of, ii. 329.
  • Súk town, notice of, v. 181, 458.
  • Sulléri town, ii. 461, 517; described, iv. 44.
  • Súmmoli, peculiar species of wild cat, described iii. 168.
  • Sungúruré village, iv. 127.
  • Superstition, ii. 183; iii. 370.
  • Surk, tribe, iv. 504; v. 468.
  • Súwa-búwa, well of, iv. 48.
  • Súwa-Kolólluwa well, iv. 84.
  • Syllebáwa, or Sissílbe, divisions of the tribe, iv. 182, note.
  • Taboníye, Roman sepulchres near this well, i. 123, 124.
  • Tábu, or great army of the Awelímmiden, v. 60.
  • Tademékket tribe, historical notice and subdivisions of, v. 560. The town called Tademékka by the Arab geographers, iv. 498, 583; v. 181, 458.
  • Tagabáta village, mountain scenery, v. 285.
  • Tagáma, account of the habits of this tribe, i. 527.
  • Taganáma town described, ii. 181.
  • Tagánet, district of Western desert, described, and Moorish tribes in, v. 532.
  • Tagánet, other more limited district of same name to the north of Timbúktu, v. 460, 463.
  • Tágelel, village of Ánnur, described, i. 548.
  • Ta-gherbúst and picturesque fountain, i. 26.
  • Tághist valley, celebrated place of prayer, i. 385.
  • Tahónt-n-éggish, first rocky island in the Niger, v. 171.
  • Tailelt tobes, i. 434; ii. 129, passim.
  • Tájakánt tribe keep up the communication between Timbúktu and Morocco, iv. 489, 516; v. 33.
  • Tákala town, v. 653.
  • Tákulum, valley of Kánem, iii. 105.
  • Talba, walled town, iv. 207.
  • Talisman, curious one at Taganáma, ii. 183.
  • Tamarind-tree, its beautiful shady character, principal ornament of Negroland, i. 543. First full-grown specimen, ii. 9; splendid specimens, ii. 320; iv. 64; on the Niger, v. 158, 250. Silkworm feeding on the leaves of the tamarind-tree, ii. 129, note. The fruit the most refreshing drink, iii. 377, passim. Best medicine for usual tropical disease, iii. 449; with fried onions, pleasant lunch, iv. 172.
  • Tamkí, dress and food of the, iii. 607.
  • Tanéra town, iv. 558.
  • Tántanah, mountain, probable [uncertain] identification of, i. 251.
  • Tarabanása, their camp and costume, v. 102.
  • Táramt district, W. of Gógó, v. 238.
  • Tarhóna, the district and its ruins described, i. 64-74.
  • Tasáwa territory, revenues of, ii. 16. The town and its inhabitants, 19. Market, 30.
  • Tasáwa, village of Fezzán, i. 178.
  • Taútilt camping-ground described, v. 106.
  • Tawárek, see Imóshagh, chiefs arrive at the camp near Tasáwa village, negotiations with them, i. 183. Their continual advance into Negroland, ii. 100; iv. 4. Chiefs at Timbúktu, letter of franchise obtained from, iv. 507. Encampment, 339-342. Costume, 350. Want of unity, v. 41.
  • Tawásh, Roman sepulchre near, i. 156.
  • Tawát, the people of the chief merchants in Ágades, i. 397. In Timbúktu, iv. 489; v. 36. My chief protectors, v. 72, 123. Their relation to the French, 124. Said to pay tribute to them, 431. The horse of Tawát, i. 423, note.
  • Tebu, form of the name, ii. 269; iii. 505. Their near relation to the Kanúri, ii. 275, iii. 77. Their long wars with the former, 636. Their tribes, families, and settlements, iii. 493. Their former settlements in Kánem, iii. 514, 515. Their settlements along the Komádugu, ii. 216, 653; iv. 18, 20. Their cruelty towards their slaves, v. 415. The towns and villages along Tebu road, v. 425. Their predilection for dried fish, v. 433. Their commercial journeys to Mándará, ii. 444.
  • Tefínagh inscription, i. 274. Writing, v. 116.
  • Tegérri village in Fezzán, v. 442.
  • Teghdaust, important tribe of western desert, v. 527.
  • Tejígja, town in the district Áderér, v. 532.
  • Tektáke village and inhabitants, v. 515.
  • Teléshera peak, ascent of, i. 501.
  • Telísaghé, remarkable sculptures at, i. 196.
  • Temáshight, story of the Prodigal Son in, v. 639; vocabulary, 565, 638.
  • Tenge village, v. 492.
  • Téngik, the most elevated peak in Aïr, i. 309, 317.
  • Tents, the kind suitable for travellers in hot climates, i. 85. Advantage of a few days’ residence previous to starting, 86.
  • Téra and its inhabitants, v. 552. The last Songhay king’s leave-taking in Téra, iv. 619.
  • Terguláwen well, dangerous locality, i. 523.
  • Termites used as food, iii. 4. See Ants.
  • Tessémmak described, i. 188.
  • Tewíwa and its population, i. 160.
  • Thníye e’ seghíra and Thníye el kebíra, rugged passages, v. 441.
  • Tiboráwen, rapids of the Niger near, v. 251.
  • Tídik valley, i. 311.
  • Tígóre, farming village, iv. 237.
  • Tíggeda valley described, i. 381.
  • Tíggera-n-dúmma mountain group, v. 437.
  • Tigger-urtín and its inhabitants, i. 172.
  • Tihóre, village, iv. 239.
  • Tillage, peculiar mode of, in Bagírmi, iii. 368, 400.
  • Tilli town and inhabitants, iv. 221; v. 319.
  • Timbúktu, approach to, iv. 403. Political situation, 432. View over the town, 441. Plan of a house, 449. The great mosque, 476, 589. Mosque San-koré, 589. Ground plan of the town, 477. Description of the town, 480. Its former extent, 479. Population, 482. The inundation, 513; subsides, v. 49. Its origin, iv. 410. When founded, 584. Becomes dependent on Melle, 588. Destroyed by the King of Mósi, 590. Visited by Ébn Batúta, 591. Becomes known to Europeans, 591. Conquered by the Ímóshagh, 592. Plundered by Sonni ʿAlí, 594. Becomes more important, ib. Conquered by Jodar, 616. Commerce, 515. Present commercial relations of, v. 17. Commercial importance of its position, 37. Identity of its language with that of Ágades, i. 418. Why so few trees in the town, iv. 475. Not considered very healthy, 507. Late hours, v. 3, 65.
  • Timme town, v. 466.
  • Tímmísau well, footprint of Moses’s horse near, v. 458.
  • Tindírma town, iv. 420; v. 470.
  • Tínge town and inhabitants, iv. 310.
  • Tin-ger-égedesh, notice of the tribe, v. 201.
  • Tin-rássen, interesting incident in African warfare at, v. 189.
  • Tin-shamán, former capital of Ásben, i. 336.
  • Tin-sherífen district, v. 179. Appearance of the Niger at, 185.
  • Tin-tagh-odé, important village of, i. 321.
  • Tin-téggana valley, i. 485.
  • Tintéllust valley described, i. 333. Village residence of the powerful chief Ánnur, ibid. Deserted, 484.
  • Tintúmma desert, v. 418.
  • Tinýlkum, account of this tribe, i. 174. Their conduct in our adversities, 300, 301, 306.
  • Tishít town, its inhabitants and produce, v. 506.
  • Tobacco cultivated in Kátsena, ii. 90. Of Kátsena much esteemed, iv. 99. Little cultivated in Bórnu, 108. Varieties in or near Timbúktu, v. 36. In Ghérgo, 153. Bamba and Égedesh, 165. Cultivated in great extent by the Músgu, iii. 208, 229. Formerly in great extent along the Niger, v. 107, 158. Prohibited in Timbúktu, v. 36, 82. Tobacco chewed with natron by the Kél-owí, i. 389.
  • Tobes, varieties of, ii. 126; made in Sansándi, v. 236.
  • Toe, destruction of the little, by a flesh worm, iii. 345.
  • Tolba, or Zuwaye, peaceable tribes of Arabs, identical with the term Aníslimen among the Tawárek, v. 525, passim.
  • Tombs in Músgu country, iii. 190.
  • Tombo province and inhabitants, notice of, iv. 550.
  • Tóndibi mount, v. 205.
  • Tóndifú village, iv. 240. Swarms of birds at, v. 300.
  • Tongi hamlet, v. 245.
  • Tónorár village, v. 500.
  • Tornáre village on the Niger, busy state of the river at, v. 267.
  • Tósaye, remarkable narrowing of the Niger at, v. 190.
  • Tóso, edible fruit of the Bassia Parkii, ii. 387. See Butter-tree.
  • Trík el Merhóma track, v. 449.
  • Tripoli, arrival at, i. 15. Excursion from, 17-84. Final departure from, 87. Return and embarkation for Marseilles, v. 451, 452. Importance of Tripoli for the intercourse with the interior, Preface, xiv.
  • Truffles common in many parts of the desert, i. 136.
  • Tsád, excursion to the, ii. 323. Description of its characteristic features, 325. Representation of the grounds along its swampy shore, 332. The open water, 331. A freshwater lake, iii. 53. Mentioned in document, iii. 508.
  • Túburi and their lake, iii. 215. Dr. Vogel’s exaggerated opinion of its size and importance, ib. Compare ii. 608.
  • Tulip tree, ii. 9.
  • Tumpénga town, desolate site of, iv. 285.
  • Túnguré valley, cotton plantations and palm grove, iv. 50.
  • Tunis, journey from to Tripoli, i. 1-16.
  • Túri, term, meaning of, i. 471, note.
  • Turtles in Damerghú, i. 542. In Kánem, iii. 74. Near Kúbo, iv. 321.
  • Týggebo village and inhabitants, v. 507.
  • Týnjur, tribe of, their dominion, iii. 430, 528. Remains of them in Mondó, 468, 489, 490.
  • Úba, northern frontier town of Ádamáwa, described, ii. 412, 529.
  • Ugréfe, the village and its inhabitants, i. 153.
  • Ujé, fertile and populous district, the finest district of Bornú, ii. 362, 539. Relation to slave trade, 370.
  • Ulákiás, deep well, v. 485.
  • Úle-Tehárge sandy downs described, v. 132.
  • Úm el ʿArúk village, v. 500.
  • Um e’ Zerzán, i. 32. Roman sepulchre near, 33.
  • Unán, valley, i. 515.
  • Úra, well of, ii. 237.
  • Vegetables, common, of the country, ii. 86.
  • Vocabulary of the Temáshight, as spoken by the Awelímmiden, v. 565.
  • Vogel, Dr., meeting with, in the forest, v. 381; and at Kúkawa, 394. His journey to Gombe and Yákoba, 573, 582. To Wádáy, iii. 537. His astronomical observations, v. 668.
  • Wadán, town in Aderér, and inhabitants described, v. 536. Portuguese factory in, iv. 595.
  • Wadán, town in Fezzán, formerly belonging to Bórnu, ii. 637.
  • Wadán (Ovis tragelaphus), i. 266, passim.
  • Wádáy, historical sketch of, iii. 528. Ethnographical account of, 539. Government of, 547. Army, 554. Household of the sultan, 555. Towns and villages, 556. Commerce and market-places, 556. Manufactures and productions, 559. Learning and food, 560.
  • Wádi town, ii. 211.
  • Wádi Kawár, v. 429.
  • Wádi Rán and its caverns, i. 51.
  • Wádi Sóf-e’-jín, ruined castle at, i. 106.
  • Wádi Tagíje, fine sepulchral monument in i. 116.
  • Wádi Talha, Roman ruins at, i. 113.
  • Wádi Zemzem and its wells, i. 121; v. 449.
  • Wákoré, indigenous name of a great section of the Mandingoes, v. 501.
  • Wákuré village, v. 516.
  • Waláta town and inhabitants, important trading place in the time of Ebn Batúta, iv. 591. Decline, 594; v. 486.
  • Wándalá (Mándará) mountains, ii. 395.
  • Wandering Arabs migrating, ii. 545.
  • Wángara village, iii. 468.
  • Wangaráwa, name of the eastern Mandingoes, iv. 144, 289, 555, 567. Merchants in Kátsena Wangaráwa, ii. 82.
  • Wáni river, ii. 200.
  • Wanja village and inhabitants, v. 514.
  • Wántila village, v. 284.
  • Wára described, iii. 565.
  • Warm clothing, would find a ready sale in Central Africa, iii. 145.
  • Warrington, Frederic, his kind services, i. 16; v. 442, 447.
  • Wáse town, v. 369.
  • Water, scarcity of, in many districts of Bórnu, ii. 187, 240. In Bagírmi, iii. 335. Water unwholesome, v. 291, 318.
  • Water combat, iii. 212.
  • Water communication between the basin of the Tsád and the Bay of Biyáfra, iii. 221.
  • Water lilies in Tsád, ii. 334. In Niger, iv. 378; v. 156.
  • Water-melons the principal food of the Kóbetát tribe, v. 488.
  • Wáza district described, iii. 255.
  • Welád Bú-Séf, account of this tribe, i. 120.
  • Welád Slimán, camp of, iii. 59. History of the tribe, 61. Interview with their sheikh, 66. Their habits and mode of life, 69. Jewish adventurer, 76. Preparations for attack, 91. Attacked by the natives, 102, 104.
  • Well, greater industry in raising water from, iv. 88.
  • Wells of Koyám very deep, iv. 14; v. 389. Difficulty of digging a well in Kúkawa, ii. 30. Ázawád, the most famous of, v. 262. Of Díbbela. impregnated with natron, 423. Of Mul and Únghurutín, 416. Of Tagánet, the most famous, 463. Of Zaw-kurá, 424.
  • Wheat, cultivated in Ngornu, ii. 314; iii. 262. Princely dish in Ágades, i. 408. At Yó, iii. 35. In Wúshek, iv. 61. On the Niger, v. 158. At the Rás el Má, v. 485. Wheat and rice fetch double the price of the native corn, ii. 314.
  • White ant, northern limit of, v. 414.
  • Wild oxen, numerous in the desert, i. 263; v. 424. See Antilope Bubalis.
  • Women of Kúkawa contrasted with those of Kanó, ii. 316.
  • Wuélleri stockade, ii. 186.
  • Wukári, capital of Korórofa, and its inhabitants, ii. 577.
  • Wúliya district, beauty and careful cultivation of the, iii. 208.
  • Wúlu village and inhabitants, iv. 299.
  • Wurnó described, iv. 156. Second visit to, v. 336. Attack of dysentery at, 336.
  • Wúshek town and inhabitants described, iv. 58.
  • Yágha principality, iv. 275. Places belonging to, 278, note.
  • Yákoba, its position, ii. 561.
  • Yáli water, iv. 281.
  • Yálowe, river-bed, iii. 141.
  • Yámiyá well, iv. 44.
  • Yams not indigenous in the interior of Africa, iv. 108. Not cultivated in Bórnu, ii. 315. Cultivated to some extent in Ádamáwa, ii. 521. In Korórofa, 579. In Kebbi, iv. 191. Eastern limit of cultivation, near Kátsena, ib.
  • Yára, ruined town, iv. 208.
  • Yá-saláme and Konári, list of places between v. 481.
  • Yá-saláme and Saredína, list of places between, v. 480.
  • Yá-saláme and Sókolo, towns and villages between, v. 497.
  • Yáuri, towns, villages, and tribes in, iv. 545.
  • Yelé district, ii. 546.
  • Yélu town, iv. 229.
  • Yen, chief town of Burgu, described, iii. 493.
  • Yendi town noticed, iv. 556.
  • Yerímarí town, v. 371.
  • Yerímarí village, ii. 377.
  • Yó town and vicinity, iii. 33. Stay at, v. 409.
  • Yóla town and its inhabitants, ii. 485. Described, 500.
  • Yówaru, important town on Niger, described, v. 468, 471.
  • Yówaru and Yá-saláme, list of places between, v. 480.
  • Yúri, cliffs on the Niger, v. 291.
  • Zá Alayámin founds the dynasty of Zá, iv. 579.
  • Zabérma, towns, villages, and tribes in, iv. 547. Historical notice of, 418.
  • Zágha town, on upper Niger, of great importance in former times, v. 475.
  • Zágha, town of Déndina, iv. 418, 539.
  • Zánfara, present condition of the province, iv. 120, 521. Historical notices, 526.
  • Zangway, monitor, foot prints of the, v. 146.
  • Zánkara district, towns in, v. 479.
  • Záriya, its astronomical position, ii. 561. Tribute paid by, iv. 116.
  • Zarzís described, i. 10. Journey hence to Zowára, i. 10-13.
  • Zawíya and surrounding country, i. 20.
  • Zéngiri komádugu at, iv. 27.
  • Zékka, town and fortifications, iv. 114.
  • Zenne, or plaid, varieties of, ii. 125.
  • Zenzúr, town of, described, i. 19.
  • Zinder town, account of, iv. 78.
  • Zintán, account of the people of, i. 105.
  • Zogháwa, tribe of, v. 544.
  • Zogírma and its inhabitants, iv. 218.
  • Zógoma, town, iii. 151.
  • Zoromáwa or Zoghorán, their first appearance, iv. 623. Their amalgamation with the Fúlbe, 146. Their importance in Sókoto, 175.
  • Zowára and surrounding country, i. 14.
  • Zurríkulo town, ii. 202, iv. 40, v. 385.
  • Zýrmi town, iv. 120.