C. = Caius (Gaius).
Q. Cæcilius Metellus Macedonicus,
prætor, defeats Andriscus, 102;
subdues central Greece, 103.
Q. Cæcilius Metellus Numidicus, consul, commands against Jugurtha, 134.
Cæsar, see C. Julius Cæsar.
Cæsar,
imperial title, 237;
title of imperial assistants, 318.
Caius Cæsar (Caligula), principate of, 229–231.
Calendar, the, Cæsar’s reform of, 180–181.
Caligula, see Caius Cæsar.
Callæci, the, 217.
Callistus, freedman of Claudius, 232.
Calpurnian Law (lex Calpurnia), the, 114.
M. Calpurnius Bibulus, consul, 165.
C. Calpurnius Piso, senator, conspiracy of, 235.
Camp, camps,
Roman military, 60;
on frontiers, 274.
Campania,
fertility of, 5;
alliance of, with Rome, 39.
Cannæ, battle of, 81–82.
Cantabri, the, 217.
Cappadocia,
Mithridates, king of northern, 142;
greater coveted by Mithridates, 142;
surrendered, 145;
conquered by Tigranes, 153.
Capua,
founded, 18;
Roman ally, 37;
deserts to Hannibal, 81;
recovered by Rome, 82–83.
Caracalla (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus = Bassianus),
principate of, 255, 256;
Edict of, 255.
Carausius, proclaimed Augustus, 318, 319.
Carbo, see Cn. Papirius Carbo.
Carinus (Marcus Aurelius ——), co-ruler, in West, 263.
Carnuntum, legionary camp, 239.
Carthage,
gains foothold in Sicily and Sardinia, 15;
attacks Sicilian Greeks, 20, 41;
allied with Rome against Pyrrhus, 41;
founding of, 70;
government of, 70–71;
commercial policy of, 71;
resources of, 71;
treaties with Rome, 70, 71;
wars with Rome, see Punic Wars;
cedes Sicily to Rome, 74;
loss of sea power of, 74;
war with mercenaries, 74, 75;
cedes Sardinia and Corsica to Rome, 75;
cedes Spain and Afri[pg 427]can possessions to Rome, 86;
reasons for defeat of, in Second Punic War, 86;
last struggle with Rome and destruction of, 100–102.
Carus (Marcus Aurelius ——), princeps, campaign against Persians, 263.
Cassian Law (lex Cassia tabellaria), the, 108.
Cassiodorus, Christian writer, 400.
C. Cassius,
ex-prætor, 182, 185;
war with Antony and Octavian, 189–190.
Cassivellaunus, British chief, 170.
Castra Vetera, 218.
Cataphracti, in late Roman army, 376.
Cato, see M. Porcius Cato.
Catullus, (Caius Valerius ——), poet, 199.
Caudine Pass, battle of the, 38.
Celtiberians, the, revolts of, 99–100.
Cenomani the, Roman allies, 78.
Censorship, the,
origin and powers of, 50, 59;
plebeians eligible to, 56;
of Appius Claudius, 56;
rendered unnecessary by Sullan reform of Senate, 149;
assumed by Claudius, 231;
by Vespasian, 240;
by Domitian, 241.
Census,
instituted in Rome, 49;
taken by censors, 50;
basis of army organization, 59;
lists of, in Second Punic War, 88;
increase of, between 136 and 125 B. C., 131;
of the empire under Augustus, 216;
of 14 A. D., 224;
of 47 A. D., 231;
of 74 A. D., 240.
Centenarii, 270.
Centurions, 217;
disappearance of, 337.
Chæronea, victory of Sulla at, 144.
Chaldean astrologers,
banished from Italy, 123;
great vogue of, 307.
Chamberlain, the, of imperial court, 294, 335.
Chatti, the, 220.
Cherusci, the, 220.
Childeric, king of the Salian Franks, 357.
Chosroes, king of the Parthians, 246.
Chosroes I, king of the Persians, conflicts with Eastern Empire, 379, 381.
Christianity,
rise of, and connection with Judaism, 309;
comes into conflict with Roman state, 310;
effect of paganism on, 387;
contribution of, to art, 402.
Christians, the,
first persecution of, 233;
lose privileges of Jews, 310;
accusations against, 310;
imperial policy toward, in second century, 310–311;
in third century, 311–312;
persecutions of, 312;
under Diocletian, 320, 322;
treatment of, by Constantine I, 324–325;
by Julian, 327–328.
Chrysopolis, battle at, 323.
Church,
the early Christian, 311;
organization of, 312–313;
movement for primacy of Rome in, 313;
Justinian’s reconciliation with western, 375;
relation of, to the emperor, 388–389;
councils of, 388–389;
growth of the Papacy, 389;
of the Patriarchate, 390;
sectarian strife in, 391–394;
architecture, 402.
Cicero, see M. Tullius Cicero.
Cilicia,
pirate stronghold, 137;
made Roman province, 137;
an imperial province, 216.
Cimbri and Teutons, the,
invade Gaul and Spain, 135;
invade Italy, 136–137.
L. Cincius Alimentus, historical writer, 121.
Circus Flaminius, 129.
Cirta, siege of, 133.
Cisalpine Gaul,
settled by Gauls, 34–35;
occupied by Romans, 77–78;
lost, 80;
reconquered, 97;
organized as province, 148.
Citizenship, Roman,
granted to Italians, 141;
obtained by service in army, 211–212;
extended by Caracalla, 255;
given to barbarian officers, 337.
City Prefect, 228, 341;
judicial functions of, 267.
Cives optimo iure, 46.
Cives sine suffragio, 44, 45.
Civil service, the imperial,
first step in creation of, 149;
growth of, 268–272;
under Hadrian, 248;
of late Empire, 340–342.
Civil War, 174–178.
Civilis, Julius, Batavian chieftain, 237.
Civitates,
in provinces, 111, 280;
in Gaul, 281.
Clarissimi, 268;
under late Empire, 343.
Classes, in Roman army, 59.
Classis, see levy.
Claudian (Claudius Claudianus), poet, 398.
Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Germanicus), principate of, 231, 232.
C. Claudius, consul, at Metaurus, 85.
Claudius Gothicus (Marcus Aurelius), principate of, 261.
Cleonymus, of Sparta, 40.
Clergy, the, power of, under late Empire, 390–391.
Clients,
early status of, 30;
in the Principate, 295.
P. Clodius, tribune, 167, 169, 172.
Cleopatra,
and Cæsar, 176, 177, 180;
and Antony, 190, 193, 195;
at Actium, 195;
death, 195.
Clovis,
king of the Salian Franks, 357;
conversion of, 372;
conquests of, 375.
Clusium, 33, 35.
Cn. = Cnæus (Gnæus).
Codification of Roman law by decemvirs under Justinian, 382.
Cohorts (cohortes),
(1) of regular army, 45;
(2) urban, 222;
command of, 228.
Coinage, debasement of, 298.
Colleges (collegia),
character and types of, 285;
regulation of, 286, 287–288;
burdens of, 292;
made hereditary, 347;
of late Empire, 347–348.
Colonate, the, see serfdom.
Coloni,
free laborers, 289, 290;
obligations of, in Africa, 290;
in Italy, 291;
under the late Empire, 348–349.
Colonies,
(1) Latin, 33, 37, 44, 45;
loyal to Rome in Second Punic War, 82;
grievances of, 110;
loyal in Marsic War, 140;
in provinces, 280;
(2) Roman, 44;
established by C. Gracchus, 130;
in provinces, 280.
Comitatenses, 319, 336.
Comites,
(1) associates of provincial governors, 112;
Augusti, 295;
(2) titles of officials of late Empire, see Counts.
Comitia,
(1) of Rome, under Augustus, 211;
loses right to elect magistrates, 227;
loses legislative powers, 266;
(2) of municipalities, 285.
See also Assemblies.
Comitia centuriata, see Assembly of the Centuries.
Comitia curiata, see Assembly of the Curiæ.
Comitia tributa, see Assembly of the Tribes.
Commagene, kingdom of, annexed, 240.
Commerce, development of, under Principate, 297.
Commercium, 37, 45.
Commodus (Lucius Ælius Aurelius ——),
becomes co-ruler, 251;
principate of, 251, 252.
Connubium, 37, 45.
Conscripti, 56.
Consistory, the imperial, 341.
Constans (Flavius Julius ——),
Cæsar, 324;
co-emperor, 325.
Constantine I, the Great (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus),
Cæsar, 321;
co-emperor, 322;
sole emperor, 323–325;
founds Constantinople, 323–324;
—— and Christianity, 324–325;
policy of, toward the Church, 388.
Constantine II (Flavius Claudius Constantinus),
Cæsar, 323;
co-emperor, 325.
Constantinople, founding of, 323–324.
Constantius I (Caius Flavius Valerius ——),
Cæsar, 318;
emperor, 321.
Constantius II (Flavius Julius ——),
Cæsar, 324;
co-emperor, 325–326;
sole emperor, 325–327.
Constantius, master of the soldiers, made co-emperor with Honorius, 358.
Constitutio Antoniniana, see Antonine Constitution.
Constitutiones principis, 266.
Consulares iuridici,
of Hadrian, 248;
removal by Antoninus, 249;
restored, 250.
Consulate, consulship, the,
established, 47;
powers, 47;
limited to patricians, 48;
military duties of, 60;
Senatorial control over, weakened, 129;
held successively by Marius, 134;
under the principate, 261, 294;
of late Empire, 341;
abolished, 383.
Contiones, 117.
Contractors (conductores), 289–290.
Corfinium, 140.
Corinth, destroyed, 103.
Corn doles, 197, 294.
Corn Law,
of C. Gracchus, 128;
proposed —— of Saturninus, 138;
of Drusus, 139.
Cornelia, “mother of the Gracchi,” 126.
L. Cornelius Cinna, consul, opposes Sulla and Senatorial party, 146.
Cn. Cornelius Scipio,
ex-consul, legatus in Spain, 83;
killed, 83.
L. Cornelius Scipio, brother of Africanus, consul in war with Antiochus, 93.
P. Cornelius Scipio,
consul, sets out for Spain, 79;
defeated at Ticinus, 81;
at Trebia, 81;
killed in Spain, 83.
P. Cornelius Scipio Æmilianus,
consul, takes Numantia, 100;
destroys Carthage, 102;
patron of letters, 120, 121, 123;
aids Senate against Gracchus, 127;
death, 127, 128.
P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus,
ex-aedile, given pro-consular imperium in Spain, 84;
takes New Carthage, 84;
conquers Carthaginian Spain, 85;
consul, invades Africa, 85;
defeats Hannibal, surnamed Africanus, 86;
extraordinary pro-consul in Asia, 93, 126.
L. Cornelius Sulla,
quæstor under Marius, 134;
legatus in Marsic war, 141;
consul, 144;
wages war against Mithridates, 144, 145;
return to Italy and dictatorship of, 146–149;
reforms of, 148, 149;
retirement and death of, 149, 150;
character and achievements of, 150.
Corporati, of late Empire, 347.
Corporations, see colleges.
Corpus juris civilis, 382.
Corruption, of officials in late Empire, 342.
Corsica,
geography of, 4;
inhabitants of, 15;
ceded to Rome, 75;
a province, 111.
Count, counts, (comites),
of late Empire, 338, 343;
of the sacred largesses, 340, 341;
of the private purse, 341;
of the consistory, 341.
Court, the imperial,
growth of, 294–295;
of late Empire, 335.
Court of extortion, the, 114;
reorganized by Acilian law, 129;
use of, in interest of financiers, 139.
Crassus, see M. Licinius Crassus.
Cremona, 78;
battles at, 236, 237.
Crete, made Roman province, 159.
Crispus (Flavius Julius ——), Cæsar, 323, 324.
Crixus, leader of slaves, 155.
Ctesiphon,
captured by Trajan, 246;
by Avidius Cassius, 250;
sacked by Sept. Severus, 253;
captured by Carus, 263.
Cult,
household, 62;
of the fields, 63;
state, 63;
of Bacchus, 123;
of the Great Mother, 123;
decline of state, 198;
of the Lares and Genius Augusti, 214;
of Rome and Augustus (imperial), 214, 215, 304, 305;
oriental cults (q. v.).
Culture,
Greek influences on Italian, 21;
on Roman, 119, 120, 198–199;
decline of Roman, 303, 304.
Curatorship, the,
in senatorial career, 209, 265;
for reorganizing finances, 286.
Curia, the,
municipal council, 284, 285;
obligations of, 287.
Curiæ, the,
(1) in Rome, 28;
(2) in municipalities, 284.
Curiales,
of late Empire, 346–347;
relieved from collections of taxes, 366.
Cursus honorum,
of senatorial order, 209;
of equestrian order, 210.
Cyme, Greek colony of, 18, 19, 21.
Cynoscephalæ, battle of, 91.
Cyprian (Thascius Cæcilius Cyprianus), Christian writer, 301.
Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria, 393.
Cyzicus, siege of, 154.
D. = Decimus.
Dacia,
made Roman province, 246;
abandoned, and new province formed, 261.
Dacians, the, 242;
war with Domitian, 243;
with Trajan, 245–246.
Deacons, of early Christian church, 312.
Decebalus, king of the Dacians, 243, 245.
Decemvirs, the, for codifying laws, 54.
Decius (Caius Messius Trajanus ——), princeps, persecution of the Christians under, 311–312.
Decuma, see Taxes.
Decuriones, 285;
obligations of, 287.
Defensores civitatium or plebis, 346–347.
Deification,
of ruler, significance of, 180;
of Julius Cæsar, 189;
of Augustus, 226.
Delos, Italian colony at, exterminated, 143.
Dictator,
appointment and powers of, 47;
plebeians eligible to office of, 56;
Cæsar permanent dictator, 178.
Didius Julianus, principate of, 252.
Dignities (dignitates), of late Empire, 343.
Dioceses, 320;
distribution of under late Empire, 339 and note 1.
Diocletian (Caius Valerius Aurelius Diocletianus),
assumes imperial title, 263;
reign of, 317, 321;
division of empire by, 318;
reforms army, 319, 320;
abdicates, 321.
Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, 20, 40, 41.
Divus Julius, 189.
Dominus, title, 334.
Dominus et deus, title, 242.
Dominus et deus natus, title of Aurelian, 262.
Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitianus), principate of, 241, 243.
Domitian law (lex Domitia), the, 138;
abrogated, 148;
reënacted, 163.
Cn. Domitius Corbulo, general,
campaign of, 234;
death of, 235.
Drama, the Roman or Latin,
of third and second centuries B. C., 120–121;
of last century B. C., 199.
Drepana, naval battle at, 74.
Drusus, see M. Livius Drusus.
Drusus, Nero Claudius,
step-son of Augustus, 217, 218;
death, 219;
surname Germanicus, 219.
Ducenarii, 270.
Duces, of late Empire, 338.
C. Duilius, consul, 73.
Duovirate, the, in municipalities, 284.
Dyarchy, the, 216.