S. = Sextus.
St. Anthony, founds monastic colony, 395.
St. Sophia, building of, 383.
Sabellians, the, 15.
Sabines, the, 15, 39.
Sacrosanctitas,
of tribune, 179;
granted to Octavian, 193.
Saducees, the, 238.
Saguntum,
allied with Rome, 79;
taken by Hannibal, 79;
by Romans, 83.
Salassi, the, 217.
C. Sallustius Crispus, historical writer, 200.
Salvius, leader of slave rebellion, 137.
Salvius Julianus, jurist, 248.
Salyes, the, tribe of Liguria, conquered by Rome, 132.
Samnites, the, 15;
wars of, with Rome, 37–39;
Roman allies, 39;
join Tarentum, 40;
reconquered, 41.
Sapor I, king of the Persians, 259, 260.
Sapor II, king of Persia, war with Constantius II and Julian, 326–328.
Saracens, the, invasion of, 404.
Sardinia,
geography of, 4;
inhabitants of, 15;
ceded to Rome by Carthage, 75;
a Roman province, 111;
placed under imperial procurator, 216.
Satire, origin of name and form, 121.
Satricum, 34.
Saturninus and Glaucia, leaders of the Populares, 138.
Saxons, the, 259;
invade Britain, 357.
Scævola, see Q. Mucius Scævola.
Scholarians, the, 335, 336.
Scipio, see P. Cornelius Scipio.
Scipionic circle, the, 120, 121.
Scribonia, wife of Octavian, 191.
Scutum, shield, 59.
Secretaryships, the Imperial, 269–270.
Sectarianism,
of the eastern church, 391;
sectarian strife, 391–394.
Secular Games, the, 216.
Seianus (Sejanus), see L. Ælius Seianus.
Seleucia, 246, 250;
sacked, 253.
Sempronia, wife of Scipio Æmilianus, 127, 128.
Ti. Sempronius, consul,
in Sicily, 79;
defeated at Trebia, 81.
C. Sempronius Gracchus,
land commissioner, 127;
tribunate and legislation of, 128–130;
overthrow, 130;
oratory of, 200.
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, consul, killed by Hannibal, 82.
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, tribune, 126, 127.
Senate, the Roman,
in regal period, 28;
limited to patricians, 29;
directs foreign policy, 43, 45;
represents wealthy proprietors, 45;
supports propertied elements in Italy, 45;
of early Republic, 47;
appoints promagistrates, 51;
plebeians admitted to, 56;
revised by Appius Claudius, 56;
supports Greeks against Philip V, 90;
supports Greek aristocracies, 95;
control of public policy, 105–107;
dissolves Bacchanalian associations, 106;
failure of foreign policy of, 108;
and provincial government, 110–114;
prerogatives attacked by Gracchi, 127–131;
control over consuls restricted, 129;
weakened as result of Gracchan disorders, 133;
intrigues with Jugurtha, 133;
alteration proposed by Drusus, 139;
veto revived, 144;
restoration of power of, by Sulla, 148, 149;
membership increased, 149;
and extraordinary commands, 151, 160;
passes “last decree” against Cæsar, 174;
membership and composition of, altered by Julius Cæsar, 181;
treatment of, [pg 441]by Cæsar, 182;
purged and restored by Augustus, 209, 210;
takes over election of magistrates, 227;
opposes Vespasian, 240, 241;
strained relations with Domitian, 243;
era of amiable relations with princeps begins, 244, 245;
restored to influence by Severus Alexander, 257;
loss of powers under Principate, résumé, 264–267;
friction with Princeps, 267, 268;
chief services, 268;
of late Empire, 344;
influence of under Theodoric, 371.
Senatorial order, the,
(1) an office-holding aristocracy, 107, 196;
under Augustus, 209–210;
expansion of, 268;
burden of public spectacles on, 294.
—— (2) new, of late Empire, 342–343;
power and exemptions of, 349.
See also Senators.
Senators,
appointed by consul, 47;
by censors, 50;
largely ex-magistrates and magistrates, 105;
deprived of right to act as judges in courts, 129;
right restored, 148;
property qualifications of, under Augustus, 209;
freedom from imperial jurisdiction, 244;
exclusion of, from military commands, etc., 267;
exemption from municipal control, 344;
taxes on, 345.
Senatus consultum ultimum,
defined, 106;
passed against Cataline, 163;
against Cæsar, 174.
Seneca, see L. Annæus Seneca.
Senones, the, 39, 44.
Sentinum, 39.
L. Septimius Severus,
saluted Imperator, 252;
wars with rivals, 252, 253;
principate of, 253–255;
reforms civil service, 270, 272;
fortification of frontiers by, 275, 276.
Septimontium, festival of, 26.
Serfdom,
rise of, in Egypt and Asia Minor, 288, 289;
in Africa, 289, 290;
in Italy, 291;
causes and results of, 291, 292;
under late Empire, 348, 349.
L. Sergius Catilina, 162;
conspiracy of, 163, 164.
Q. Sertorius, governor of Spain, 152–153.
Q. Servilius Cæpio, consul, recovers Tolosa, tried by Senate, 135.
C. Servilius Glaucia,
prætor, leads populares, 138;
overthrown, 139.
Q. Servilius Rullus, tribune, proposes land bill, 163.
Severus (Flavius Valerius ——), Cæsar, 321.
Severus (Libius ——), western emperor, 360.
Severus Alexander (Marcus Aurelius ——),
adopted by Elagabalus, 256;
principate of, 257, 258;
grants lands to frontier forces, 276.
Sexagenarii, 270.
Sibylline Books, the, 122.
Sicans, the, 15.
Sicels, the, 15.
Sicily,
geography of, 4;
peoples of, 15;
Roman possession, 74;
province, 111;
rebellion of slaves in, 137;
misgovernment of Verres in, 157, 158.
Signia, 34.
Silkworms, introduction of, into west, 384.
Slaves,
enrolled in Roman army, 87;
rebellion of, in Sicily, 137;
many freed by Sulla, 147;
revolt of, under Spartacus, 155, 156;
decrease of, under the Principate, 295;
admitted to army, 336.
Society,
of early Rome, chap. VII, 61;
of the third and second centuries B. C., 114–119;
of the last century of the Republic, 196, 197;
at beginning of Principate, 208–211;
of the Principate, chap. XX, 293f;
of the late Empire, 341–350.
Socii, federate allies, 45, 90.
Socii Italici, see Italian allies.
Socii navales, 45.
Sosigenes, astronomer, 180.
Spain,
coast of, controlled by Carthage, 72;
Carthaginian expansion, 78;
invaded by Romans, 80, 83, 84;
Romans conquer Carthaginian territory in, 85;
divided into provinces of Hither and Farther, 97;
revolts in, 98;
Latin colonies in, 98;
further wars in, 99, 100;
revolts in, 137;
Sertorian rebellion, 152, 153;
Cæsar reduces Pompeians in, 174, 181, 182;
Hither, an imperial province, 206;
Latin right extended to communities of, 240;
occupied by Vandals, 355;
Justinian’s intervention in, 378, 379.
Sparta,
appeals to Rome against Achæans, 95;
hostilities with Achæans, 103;
Roman ally, 103.
Spartacus, rebellion of, 155–156.
Spectacles, lavishness of, under the Principate, 294.
Stilicho, master of the soldiers, 351, 352–353.
Stipendium, see Taxes.
Stoicism, in Rome, 123, 198.
Stone Age,
the new, 8;
the old, 7.
Suetonius (C. Suetonius Tranquillius), historical writer and biographer, 300.
Suevi, the, invade Spain with Vandals, 355.
Sugambri, the, 218.
Sulla, see L. Cornelius Sulla.
Sulpician laws, the, 144, 146.
P. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune, legislation and reign of terror, 143, 144.
S. Sulpicius Rufus, legal writer, 201.
Sun worship, introduced into Rome, 256, 262, 306, 307.
Survey of empire, 216.
Sutrium, 36.
Symmachus (Quintus Aurelius ——), writings of, 398.
Syphax, Numidian chief, 85.
Syracuse,
tyrants of, 18, 19, 20;
kingdom of, 70;
wars with Mamertini, 72;
alliance with Rome, 73;
goes over to Carthage, 82;
taken by Romans, 82.
Syria,
Seleucid kingdom of, 69;
conquered by Tigranes, 153;
made Roman province, 161;
Crassus in, 172;
an imperial province, 206.
Syrians, traders, 297.
T. = Titus.
Tacitus (Marcus Claudius ——), princeps, 262.
Tacitus (P. Cornelius ——),
historical writer, 243;
works of, 300.
Tarentum, 20, 37;
wars with Italians, 39–40;
with Rome, 40, 41;
Roman ally, 42;
occupied by Hannibal, 82;
treaty of, between Antony and Octavian, 192.
Taxation, system of, under late Empire, 344–346.
Taxes,
(1) affecting Roman citizens,
tax of 5% on emancipated slaves, 87, 279, 280;
inheritance tax, 212, 279, 280;
tax on sales, 212, 279;
land tax of late Empire, 345;
(2) provincial,
decuma, 113, 239;
stipendium, 112, 279;
direct collection of, 270;
tributa, 279;
vectigalia, 279;
(3) special,
of Second Triumvirate, 189;
head-tax on Jews, 239;
of late Empire, 345.
Telamon, 77.
Tercenarii, 270.
Terence (P. Terentius), dramatic poet, 121.
C. Terentius Varro, consul, at Cannæ, 82.
M. Terentius Varro, writer and antiquarian, 200–201.
Terramare, 10–11.
Tertullian (Q. Septimius Florens Tertullianus), Christian writer, 301.
Teutoberg Forest, Roman disaster in the, 220.
Teutons, the, see Cimbri and Teutons.
Thapsus, battle of, 177.
Theodora, empress, 381, 382.
Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths,
invades Italy, 361, 362;
receives imperial symbols, 370, 371;
conflict with Arianism, 372;
foreign alliances of, 372, 373.
Theodoric, king of the Visigoths, 354.
Theodoric, the Amal, conflict with Zeno, 365.
Theodosian code, the, 364.
Theodosius I, the Great,
co-emperor, 330, 331;
conflict with Ambrose, 330, 331;
sole emperor, 381;
suppression of paganism by, 387.
Theodosius II, eastern emperor, 363–364.
Theodosius, general of Valentinian I, campaign of, 328, 329.
Thrace, made Roman province, 231.
Thurii, 20, 40, 82.
Ti. = Tiberius.
Tiberius (Tiberius Claudius Nero), stepson of Augustus,
campaigns of, 217, 219, 220;
designated successor of Augustus, 223, 224;
principate of, 226, 229;
estimate of, 226, 228.
Tiberius Gemellus, grandson of Tiberius Cæsar, 229.
Tibullus (Albius ——), poet, 299.
Tibur, 37.
Ticinus, battle of the, 81.
Tigellinus Ofonius, prætorian prefect, 233.
Tigranes, king of Armenia, 153;
ally of Rome, 161.
Tigurini, the, Gallic tribe, 135, 136.
Tiridates, king of Armenia, Roman vassal, 234.
Titus (Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus),
besieges and destroys Jerusalem, 239;
principate of, 241.
Totila, leader of the Ostrogoths, 378.
Toulouse, Gothic capital at, 370.
Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus),
adopted by Nerva, 244;
principate of, 245–247;
column of, 246;
attitude toward the Christians, 310, 311.
Trasimene Lake, 81.
Trebia, 81.
Trebonian, jurist, 382.
Trebonian law (lex Trebonia), the, 170.
C. Trebonius, tribune, 170, 183.
Treviri, the, 171;
rebellion of, 237.
Tribes, the Roman, 36, 43, 44;
voting units in comitia tributa, 53;
final number of, 109;
enrollment of Italians in, 141, 142.
Tribunate, the,
(1) military, with consular powers, 50, 51;
first plebeian elected to, 55; and note;
(2) military, in legions, 60;
in senatorial career, 209;
in equestrian career, 210;
(3) plebeian,
origin and character of, 53;
increased to ten members, 54;
effect of Hortensian law on, 57;
powers of, increased, 57, 58;
interference of, with levy, 100;
controlled by Senate, 105, 106;
Ti. Gracchus attempts reëlection to, 127;
reëlection to, legalized, 127;
of C. Gracchus, 128, 130;
weakened by reforms of Sulla, 148;
privileges restored, 156.
Tribuni ærarii,
share in jury service, 156;
removed, 181.
Tribunicia potestas,
granted to Julius Cæsar, 178, 179;
to Augustus, 207.
Tributum,
Roman citizens, 50;
burden of, on plebeians, 53, 54;
ceases to be levied, 97;
capitis, 279;
soli, 279.
Triumvirate,
(1) the First, 165.
—— (2) the Second (43 B. C.), 188–192;
renewed, 192;
terminated, 194.
Triumviri agris iudicandis assignandis, the Gracchan land commission, 126.
Triumviri rei publicæ constituendæ, see Triumvirate, (2) the Second.
M. Tullius Cicero,
ædile, prosecution of Verres, 156–159;
prætor, supports Manilian law, 160;
consul, 162;
thwarts Cataline’s conspiracy, 163, 164;
banished, 167;
returns, 169;
hostility to Antony, 187, 188;
death, 189;
oratory and writings of, 200.
Tusculum, 34.
Twelve Tables, Law of the, 54.
Ulpian (Domitius Ulpianus), jurist, 301.
Umbrians, the,
location of, 13;
migration of, 11;
Roman allies, 39.
Upper Germany, administration district, 227.
Urban cohorts, the, see cohortes.
Urbs, Rome, an, 27.
Vaballathus, king of Palmyra, 261.
Vadimonian Lake, battle at the, 39.
Valens (Flavius ——), co-emperor, 328–329.
Valentinian I (Flavius Valentinianus), emperor, 328, 329.
Valentinian II (Flavius Valentinianus), co-emperor, 329–331.
Valentinian III (Flavius Valentinianus), western emperor, 358–360.
Valerian (Publius Licinius Valerianus),
principate and campaigns of, 259;
persecution of the Christians, 312.
L. Valerius Flaccus, consul, in Mithridatic war, 144, 145, 146.
Vandals, the,
invade Gaul and Spain, 354, 355;
kingdom of, in Africa, 355, 356, 370;
relations between Romans and, 370;
conquered by Eastern Empire, 375–377.
Varro, see C. Terentius Varro, and M. Terentius Varro.
Vatinian law (lex Vatinia), the, 166.
Veii, capture of, 34.
Veneti, the,
(1) of Italy, 13, 35;
Roman allies, 77;
(2) of Gaul, 173.
Vercellæ, Marius destroys the Cimbri near, 136.
Vercingetorix, Gallic leader, 171.
C. Verres, ex-proprætor of Sicily, trial of, 156, 159.
Verus (Lucius Aurelius ——), principate of, 249, 250.
Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus),
proclaimed Imperator, 236;
principate of, 237–241;
campaign against the Jews, 239.
Vesuvius, eruption of, 241.
Via Æmilia, 97;
Appia, 38;
constructed, 56;
Cassia, 97;
Domitia, 132;
Flaminia, 97;
see also, Road system.
Vicars (vicarii), governors of dioceses, 320.
Vigiles, 222.
Viginti-virate, in senatorial career, 209.
Villa, change in meaning of word, 196.
Villanova, 11.
Villian Law (lex Villia annalis), the, 108.
Vindelici, the, 217.
Vindex, see C. Julius Vindex.
Vindobona, legionary camp, 239.
Vindonissa, 218.
M. Vipsanius Agrippa,
general of Octavian, 192;
conducts survey of [pg 444]empire, 216;
in Spain, 217;
as successor to Augustus, 223.
Virgil (P. Virgilius Maro), poet, 190, 298.
Viriathus, Spanish chief, at war with Rome, 100.
Visigoths, the,
invasions of, under Alaric and Ataulf, 353–354;
kingdom of, in Gaul, 354, 369, 370;
treatment of Roman subjects, 369, 370;
religion of, 371, 372.
Vitalian, master of the soldiers, 374.
Vitellius (Aulus ——), principate of, 236–237.
Vologases I, king of the Parthians, war with Rome, 234.
Vologases IV, king of the Parthians, 253.
Vologases V, king of the Parthians, 256.
Volsci, the, 15;
wars with Rome, 33–34, 36.
Wallia, leader of the Visigoths, 354, 355.
War of the Legions,
(1) First, 235–237.
—— (2) Second, 252–253.
Women,
position of, in Rome, 196, 197;
in collegia, 286.
Zama, 86.
Zealots, the, in Judæa, 238.
Zeno,
master of the soldiers, 364;
eastern emperor, 361, 364, 365.
Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, 261–262.