The Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of Rome to 565 A. D. by Arthur Edward Romilly Boak

	(1) of the prætor, in Roman law, 122;
	final form of, 248;
	(2) of the princeps, 266.

Edict, the,

	of Caracalla, 255;
	of Milan, 322;
	of Prices, 320.

Education,

	in early Rome, 65;
	after the Punic Wars, 120.

Egypt,

	the Ptolemaic monarchy in, 67, 69;
	loss of sea power of, 89;
	friendship of, with Rome, 90;
	Cæsar’s conquest of, 176, 177;
	added to Roman empire, 195;
	status of, 206;
	bureaucratic system of, 269, 282;
	late municipalization of, 281–283;
	serfdom in, 288, 289.

Elagabalus (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus-Bassianus),

	selected Imperator, 256;
	principate of, 256, 257.

Emperor,

	(1) early Roman, see princeps;
	(2) late Roman, powers and titles of, 333, 334;
	regalia of, 334;
	elections and coöptation of, 334;
	court of, 335.

Empire, the Roman,

	division of, under Diocletian, 318;
	partition of, after Theodosius I, 351;
	condition of, at death of Justinian, 384.

Q. Ennius, poet, 121, 123.

Epictetus, philosopher, 302.

Epicureanism, in Rome, 198.

Epirus, sacked by Romans, 96.

Equestrian order, the,

	growth of, 117, 118;
	secures right to act as judges in courts, 129;
	effect on, 129;
	deserts Saturninus and Glaucia, 138;
	suffers from Sullan proscriptions, 147;
	debarred from juries by Sulla, 148;
	character of, 196;
	position and characteristics of, under Augustus, 210, 211;
	importance increased by Hadrian, 248;
	titles of, 271;
	merged with senatorial order, 342.

Equites,

	(1) cavalry in Roman army, 59;
	(2) in Assembly of the Centuries, 49;
	(3) a propertied class, see Equestrian order.

Ergastula, 116.

Etruria,

	Iron age in, 11;
	location of, 15.

Etruscans, the,

	location of, 13, 16;
	name of 15;
	origin of, 16;
	culture of, 16–17;
	in Latium and Campania, 18;
	in Po valley, 18;
	decline of power of, 18–19;
	historical significance of, 19;
	wars of, with Rome, 36, 38–39;
	Roman allies, 39.

Eudocia, empress, 363.

Eudoxia, empress, 362–363,

Euganei, the, 13.

Eugenius, revolt of, 331.

Euhemerus, philosopher, 123, 180.

Eumenes II, king of Pergamon,

	aids Rome against Antiochus, 93;
	enemy of Perseus, 95;
	suspected by Romans, 96.

Euric, king of the Visigoths, 354, 369.

Eusebius, historical writer, 400.

Eutropius, grand chamberlain, 362.

Extraordinary commands,

	origin and definition of, 151;
	created by Assembly, 159–160.

Q. Fabius Maximus, dictator, strategy of, 81.

Q. Fabius Maximus, consul, defeats Gallic tribes, 132.

Q. Fabius Pictor, historical writer, 121.

Festivals,

	public, 123;
	Secular Games, 216;
	increase of, 294.

Fetiales, 43, 90.

Finances, administration of, under the principate, 271–272.

Fire, great,

	of Nero, 233;
	of 80 A. D., 241.

Fiscus, establishment of, 271.

Flaccus, see L. Valerius Flaccus.

T. Flamininus, consul,

	defeats Philip V, 91;
	proclaims freedom of the Hellenes, 91.

C. Flaminius, tribune, censor,

	killed at Trasimene Lake, 81;
	defies the Senate, 106;
	and the reform of the Centuries, 109.

Flaviales, college of, 242.

C. Flavius Fimbria, legatus, in Mithridatic war, 145.

Fleet, see navy.

Fœderati, of late Empire, 337–338.

Fœdus, perpetual treaty, used by Romans in Italy, 45, 90.

Fonde di capanne, 8.

Franks, the, 259;

	invade Roman empire, 260;
	Salian, allowed to settle, 326;
	kingdom of, in Gaul, 356–357;
	Roman subjects of, 371;
	religion of, 372;
	conquests of, 373;
	incursion of, into Italy, 378.

Freedmen,

	of Sulla, 147;
	augment Roman plebs, 197;
	become Augustales, 215;
	rights of, restricted by Augustus, 215;
	influence of, under Claudius, 232, 269;
	influence of, in civil service, 269, 270, 272;
	increase of, under principate, 266;
	laws restricting increase of, 266;
	occupations of, 266.

Frontier defense, system of, 274–276.

Fulvia, wife of Mark Antony, 190.

Cn. Fulvius, consul, killed, 84.

P. Fulvius Plautianus, prætorian prefect, 254.

Gabii, 44.

Gabinian Law (lex Gabinia), the,

	(1) on use of the ballot, 108;
	(2) on command against pirates, 159–160.

A. Gabinius, tribune, 159.

Gailimer (Gelimer), king of the Vandals, 375, 376.

Gaïnas, master of the soldiers, 362.

Gaiseric, king of the Vandals, 355–356.

Gaius, the jurist, 301.

Gaius and Lucius Cæsar, grandsons of Augustus, 224.

Galatia,

	Celts of, defeated by Romans, 94;
	independence recognized, 96;
	made Roman province, 231.

Galba (Servius Sulpicius ——), 235;

	principate of, 236.

Galen (Claudius Galenus), student of medicine, 302.

Galerius (Caius Galerius Valerius Maximianus),

	Cæsar, 318;
	emperor, 321;
	death, 322.

Gallia Cisalpina, see Cisalpine Gaul.

Gallia comata, 168;

	divided, 218.

Gallia Narbonensis, see Narbonese Gaul.

Gallienus (Publius Licinius Egnatius ——), principate and campaigns of, 259, 261.

Gallus (Flavius Claudius Constantius ——), Cæsar, 326.

Gasatæ, the, invade Italy, 77.

Gaul,

	peoples of 168;
	Cæsar’s campaigns in, 168–172;
	an imperial province, 206;
	administration of, under Augustus, 218;
	empire of Postumus in, 260;
	reconquered by Aurelian, 262;
	late municipalization of, 281;
	kingdom of Visigoths in, 354;
	Burgundian invasion of, 356;
	kingdom of Salian Franks in, 357;
	invaded by Attila and the Huns, 359.

Gauls, the,

	invade Italy, 34;
	character of, 34–35;
	sack Rome, 35;
	wars with Rome, 35, 39;
	renew invasions of peninsula, 76–77;
	empire of the, 237, 260.

Gelasius, Pope, 389.

Gentes, 29–30.

Germanicus, see Drusus, Nero Claudius.

Germanicus Cæsar,

	son of Drusus, 224;
	campaigns of, 227–228;
	death, 228.

Germany,

	Roman invasion of, 12 B. C., 218;
	revolt of, 220;
	administrative districts created in, 227;
	campaigns of Germanicus in, 227;
	Domitian in, 242;
	lost to Rome, 260.

Geta (Publius Septimius ——), co-ruler, 255.

Getæ, the, 219;

	invade eastern empire, 366.

Gladiatorial combats, preferred by Roman public, 121, 123.

Gladiators, revolt of the, 155–156.

Glycerius, proclaimed emperor, 360.

Gods,

	primitive Roman, 61;
	identified with Greek divinities, 122.

Goths, the, 259;

	invade Roman empire, 259, 260, 261;
	invasion of, in 376 A. D., 329–330;
	relations between Romans and, 369, 370.
	See also Visigoths, Ostrogoths.

Gracchi, the, see Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, tribune, and C. Sempronius Gracchus.

Gratian (Gratianus),

	co-emperor, 329, 330;
	attitude toward paganism, 386.

Great Mother, cult of the, introduced in Rome, 123.

Greece,

	devastated by Mithridatic war, 145;
	Southern, becomes province of Achæa, 216.

Greeks, the,

	location of, in the West, 15;
	colonization of, 19;
	lack of unity among, 20;
	decline of power of, 20–21;
	rôle of, 21;
	southern —— join Mithridates, 143;
	status of, in Rome and the empire, 301.
	See also the individual states.

Gregory of Nazianzus, Christian writer, 400, 401.

Guilds, see colleges.

Gundobad, king of the Burgundians, 356, 371.

Hadrian (Publius Ælius Hadrianus),

	principate of, 247–249;
	Hellenism of, 247;
	reforms of civil service, 270;
	reforms army, 273, 274;
	improvement of limes and frontier defense, 275.

Hamilcar Barca,

	in Sicily, 74;
	conquers mercenaries, 75;
	in Spain, 78.

Hannibal, son of Hamilcar Barca,

	Carthaginian commander in Spain, 79;
	takes Saguntum, 79;
	invades Italy, 80–81;
	withdraws from Italy, 86;
	defeated at Zama, 86;
	at court of Antiochus, 92, 93;
	exiled from Carthage, 101.

Hasdrubal, son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca,

	in Spain, 78;
	treaty with Rome, 79.

Hasdrubal, brother of Hannibal,

	commander in Spain, 80, 83–84;
	marches to Italy, 84;
	killed at Metaurus, 85.

Helvetii, the, defeated by Cæsar, 168.

Helvidius Priscus, senator, 240–241.

Heraclea, 40.

Hernici, the, 15, 33.

Heruli, the, 259.

Hiempsal, joint ruler of Numidia, 132–133.

Hiero, king of Syracuse, 72–73.

Honestiores, 344.

Honorius (Flavius ——),

	co-emperor, 331;
	rules in West, 351–356, 357.

Horace (Q. Horatius Flaccus), poet, 215, 216, 299.

Q. Hortensius, dictator, 57.

Q. Hortensius Hortalus,

	consul, 157;
	orator, 200.

Household, the Roman, 64.

Humiliores, 344.

Huns, the,

	invade Gaul and Italy, 359–360;
	relations of Theodosius II with, 363–364.

Iapygians, the, 13.

Iazyges, the, 242;

	defeat Domitian, 243;
	defeated by M. Aurelius, 251.

Iberians, the, 15.

Idia, of Egyptian peasants, 288.

Illus, master of the soldiers, revolt of, 365.

Illyrians, the,

	allies of Macedonia, 75;
	pirates, 75;
	first war with Rome, 75, 76;
	second war with Rome, 76.

Illyricum,

	an imperial province, 216;
	revolt of, 219–220.

Imperator,

	Julius Cæsar assumes title of, 179;
	title of Augustus, 206;
	change in use of title, 206;
	revived by Vespasian, 240;
	title of late emperors, 333.

Imperium,

	of consuls, 47, 60, 149;
	conferred by Assembly of the Curiæ, 49;
	proconsular, given to private citizen, 84;
	unlimited, 154;
	proconsular within and without Italy, 169;
	of Octavian, in 27 B. C., 206;
	valid within pomerium, 207;
	renewed successively, 208;
	conferred for life, 226;
	how bestowed, 264;
	of late Empire, 333.

Indiction (indictio), 345.

Industry, under the Principate, 297.

Infra classem, 59.

Insubres, the, 77, 81.

Iron Age, the, 11, 12.

Isaurians, the, 364;

	rebellion of, 366.

Isis and Serapis, cult of, in Rome, 306.

Itali, 6, 15, 20.

Italia, see Italy.

Italian allies,

	status of, 45, 46;
	loyal to Rome after Cannæ, 82;
	grievances of, 110;
	championed by C. Gracchus, 130;
	by Drusus, 139;
	revolt, war, and enfranchisement of, 140–142.

Italian war, see Marsic War.

Italians, the,

	relations with palafitte and terramare peoples, 11;
	location and peoples, 13.

Italici, name of Italians, 46.

Italy,

	location of, 3;
	continental, 3;
	peninsula, 3–4;
	coastline of, 4;
	climate of, 4;
	forests of, 4;
	minerals of, 5;
	effect of physical features, 5;
	name of, 5, 15, 46;
	external influences upon, 7;
	peoples of, 13–21;
	effect of Second Punic War on, 86–88;
	reduced to level of a province, 253;
	conquered by Ostrogoths, 361–362;
	reconquered, 377–379;
	Lombard invasion of, 403.

Iugum, unit of taxation, 345.

Iuridici, see consulares iuridici.

Janiculum, secession of plebs to, 57.

Jerome (Hieronymus), Christian writer, 399.

Jerusalem,

	siege and destruction of, 239;
	Roman colony on site of, 248.

Jews, the,

	conflict of Caligula with, 230;
	revolt of, 238;
	war with Rome, 239;
	rising of, in 115 A. D., 246;
	in 152 A. D., 248;
	status of, in Roman empire, 308–309.

John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, 362, 400.

Jovian (Flavius Claudius Jovianus), emperor, 328.

Juba I, king of Numidia, 177, 178.

Juba II, king of Numidia, transferred to Mauretania, 221–222.

Judæa,

	annexed to province of Syria, 161;
	made Roman province, 221;
	under imperial legate, 239.

Judiciary law,

	of C. Gracchus, 129;
	of Drusus, 139;
	of Sulla, 149;
	of Pompey and Crassus, 156.

Jugurtha, prince, later king of Numidia, intrigues and war with Rome, 132–135.

Jugurthine War, 132–135.

Julia, daughter of Julius Cæsar, 167;

	death, 172.

Julia, daughter of Augustus, 223, 224.

Julia Mæsa, grandmother of Elagabalus, 256.

Julia Mamæa, mother of Severus Alexander, 257.

Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus),

	Cæsar, 326;
	campaigns of, 326–328;
	emperor, 327–328;
	—— and Christianity, 327–328.

Julian, (Salvius Julianus), jurist, 301.

Julian law (lex Julia), the, granting citizenship to the Italians, 141.

Julian laws, of 19 and 18 B. C., 215.

Julian Municipal law (lex Julia Municipalis), the, 181.

C. Julius Cæsar,

	early life, 162;
	joins forces with Crassus, 162;
	pontifex maximus, 163;
	in First Triumvirate, 165;
	consul, 165–167;
	command in Gaul, 167–172;
	strife with Pompey, 173–176;
	conquers Italy and Spain, 175;
	dictator, 175, 177;
	in Egypt and Syria, 176–177;
	in Africa, 177;
	dictatorship for life, and other powers and honors, 178–179;
	reforms of, 180–181;
	aims at monarchy, 179–180;
	assassinated, 182–183;
	estimate of career of, 183–184;
	oratory and writings of, 200.

C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus,

	heir of Julius Cæsar, 185;
	return to Rome, 186–188;
	in Triumvirate of 43 B. C., 188–190;
	strife with Antony, 190, 192–195;
	invasion of Egypt, and triumph, 195;
	restores the commonwealth, 205;
	granted titles of Augustus and Imperator, 206.
	(For subsequent acts, see Augustus.)

Julius Nepos, western emperor, 360.

C. Julius Vindex, legate, rebellion of, 235.

Junian law (lex Junia), 266.

D. Junius Brutus,

	conspirator against Cæsar, 183, 185, 186;
	killed, 188.

M. Junius Brutus,

	conspirator against Cæsar, 182–183, 185;
	war with Antony and Octavian, 189–190;
	exactions of, in Cyprus, 196.

Junonia,

	Roman colony, 130;
	abandoned, 131.

Jupiter,

	Latiaris, 26;
	Capitolinus, 63.

Jurisprudence, Roman,

	in third and second centuries B. C., 121–122;
	in last century of Republic, 201;
	under the Principate, 301.

Jurists, the Roman, 301.

Jury courts,

	for trial of bribery, etc., established by Sulla, 149;
	composition of, reorganized 70 B. C., 156;
	tribuni ærarii removed from, 181.
	See also court of extortion.

Justice, administration of, under the Principate, 266–267.

Justin I (Justinus), eastern emperor, 374.

Justinian (Justinianus), eastern emperor,

	character and policy of, 374–375;
	reign of, 375–384;
	Code of, 382.

Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis), satirist, 300.

L. = Lucius.

Lactantius, Christian writer, 399.

Land commission, the Gracchan, 126, 127–128.

Land laws, see agrarian laws.

Lares and Genius Augusti, cult of the, 214.

Latifundia, see plantation system.

Latin league, the,

	origin of, 25–26;
	alliance of, with Rome, 33;
	dissolution of, 36–37.

Latins, the, 13, 25–26;

	wars with Rome, 36.
	See also Latin league and Colonies, Latin.

Latium,

	the Iron Age in, 11–12;
	location of, 25.

Lautulæ, 36.

Law, Roman,

	codification of, 54;
	extension through edict of prætor, 122;
	study of, 122;
	codification planned by Julius Cæsar, 181;
	introduction of equity and systematic form into, 249;
	forms of legislation, 266;
	writers on, 301;
	development of, under the Principate, 301;
	the Theodosian code, 364;
	Justinian’s codification of, 382.

Laws, see Lex.

Legati,

	provincial officials, 112, 278;
	—— Augusti, 278.

Legion, legions,

	manipular, 59;
	men of no property admitted to, 136;
	probable increase in size of, by Marius, 136;
	of Augustus, 211;
	number increased, 212;
	quartering of, under Domitian, 242;
	Wars of the Legions (q. v.);
	territorial recruitment of, 273;
	number of, 274;
	change in, under late Empire, 336.

Legionaries, of Augustus, 211, 212.

Leo I, Pope, 389.

Leo I, eastern emperor, 360, 364.

Leo II, eastern emperor, 364.

Lepidus, see M. Æmilius Lepidus.

Leucopetra, 103.

Levy, the,

	for the Roman army, 59, 60;
	tribunes interfere with, 100.

Lex,

Acilia de repetundis, 129;

Cassia tabellaria, 108;

Domitia, 138;

	abrogated, 148;
	re-enacted, 163;

Fufia Caninia, 266;

Gabinia, 108;

Gabinia, conferring command against pirates, 159;

Hortensia, 57;

Julia, granting citizenship, 141;

Julia municipalis, 181;

leges Juliæ, of 19 and 18 B. C., 215;

Plautia Papiria, 141;

Pompeia, granting citizenship, 141;

Lex Romana Burgundionum, 371.

Lex Romana Visigothorum, 369.

Libyans, the, subjects of Carthage, 70.

Licinianus Licinius, Cæsar, 323, 324.

Licinius (Valerius Licinianus ——),

	Cæsar, 321;
	Augustus, 321;
	co-emperor with Constantine I, 322, 323.

M. Licinius Crassus,

	prætor, command against Spartacus, 155, 156;
	consul, 156;
	creditor of Julius Cæsar, 162;
	in First Triumvirate, 165;
	campaign against the Parthians, and death, 172.

L. Licinius Lucullus,

	quæstor of Sulla, 145;
	consul, commands against Mithridates, 154, 155.

Ligurians, the,

	a neolithic people, 9;
	location of, 13;
	conquered by Rome, 97.

Lilybæum, 41, 74.

Limes, limites, 274;

	fortification of, 274–275.

Limitanei, 276;

	organized, 319;
	of late Empire, 335–336.

Literature,

	rise of Roman, 120–121;
	of last century of the Republic, 199–201;
	of the Principate, 298–302;
	of the late Empire, 396–402;
	Christian, 300–301, 396–397, 398–401.

M. Livius, consul, at Metaurus, 85.

Livius Andronicus, author, 120.

M. Livius Drusus, tribune, opposes C. Gracchus, 130.

M. Livius Drusus,

	tribune, legislative program of, 139;
	death, 140.

Livy (Titus Livius), historical writer, 299.

Lombards, the, invade Italy, 403.

Lower Germany, administrative district, 227.

Luca, conference at, 169.

Lucan (M. Annæus Lucanus), poet, 299.

Lucanians, the, 38–39.

Lucian (Lucianus), Greek writer, 302, 308.

C. Lucilius, satirist, 121.

T. Lucretius Carus, poet, 199–200.

Lucullus, see L. Licinius Lucullus.

Lugdunensis (Gallia ——),

	administrative district of Gaul, 218;
	Roman province, 227.

Lugdunum, 218;

	victory of Sept. Severus at, 253.

Lusitanians, the, Roman war with, 99–100.

Q. Lutatius Catulus, consul, campaigns against the Cimbri, 136.

Luxury,

	in Rome, 118;
	legislation against, 119.