M. = Marcus.
M’. = Manius.
Macedonia (Macedon),
Antigonid kingdom, 69;
hostile to Roman influence in Greece, 76;
divided into four republics, 96;
Roman province, 102.
Macedonian Wars,
first, 83–85;
second, 90–91;
third, 95–96;
fourth, 102–103.
See also Philip V and Perseus.
Macrinus (Marcus Opellius ——), principate of, 256.
Magister, see master.
Magistracy, the,
expansion of Roman, 50, 51;
characteristics of, 51, 52;
controlled by Senate, 105;
enhanced value of higher magistracies, 107;
order regulated, 108;
age limit set for each, 148;
interval between tenures, 148;
in senatorial career, 209;
under the principate, 266, 267;
changed character of, in municipalities, 286, 287.
Magistrates,
of early republic, 47;
order of rank, 52;
veto of, 52;
tribunes gain practical status of, 58;
committees of senators, 105.
Magnentius (Magnus ——),
proclaimed Augustus, 325;
killed, 326.
Magnesia, 93.
Mago, Carthaginian writer, 121.
Maior potestas, 52.
Majorian (Flavius Julianus Majorianus), western emperor, 360.
Malaria, in Italy, 4.
Mamertini, the, 41;
defeated by Syracuse, 72;
appeal to Rome, 72.
Mancinus, consul, surrender to Numantines, 100.
Manilian law (lex Manilia), 160.
C. Manilius, tribune, 160.
Maniple, unit of Roman army, 59.
Manufactures, 297.
M. Marcellus,
consul, takes Syracuse, 82;
killed, 84.
M. Marcellus, ex-consul, 181.
M. Marcellus, nephew of Augustus, 223.
Marcian (Marcianus), eastern emperor, 364.
Marcomanni, the, 219, 228;
defeat Domitian, 243;
defeated by M. Aurelius, 250, 251.
Marcus Aurelius (M. Aurelius Antoninus = M. Annius Verus),
adopted by Antoninus, 249;
principate of, 249–251.
C. Marius,
consul, commands against Jugurtha, 134;
re-elected consul, 134, 136;
reforms army, 136;
annihilates Cimbri and Teutons, 136, 137;
sixth consulship of, 138, 139;
legatus, in Marsic war, 141;
struggle with Sulla, 144;
death, 146.
C. Marius, the younger,
consul, 147;
suicide, 147.
Marsi, the, 15, 39;
in Italian War, 140.
Marsic War, the, 140–142.
Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis), satirist, 299–300.
Massinissa, Numidian chief,
Roman ally, 85;
made king of Numidia, 86;
attacks of, on Carthage, 100, 101.
Massalia, Greek colony,
ally of Rome, 79;
appeals for aid, 132;
siege of, by Cæsar, 175.
Master (magister), title of, 270.
—— of the foot (peditum), 338.
—— of the horse (equitum),
(1) of the Republic, 47;
—— (2) of the late Empire, 338.
—— of the offices (officiorum), 338–339, 340.
—— of the privy purse (rei privatæ), 272.
—— of the soldiers (militum), 338, 352.
Mauretania, made Roman province, 230.
Maxentius (Marcus Aurelius ——),
Cæsar, Augustus, 321;
death, 322.
Maximian (M. Aurelius Valerius Maximianus),
co-emperor, 317;
campaigns of, 319;
abdication, 321.
Maximinus (C. Julius Verus ——), proclaimed Augustus, 258.
Maximinus Daia (Galerius Valerius ——),
Cæsar, 321;
filius Augusti, 321;
emperor, 322.
Maximus (Magnus Clemens ——),
revolt of, 330;
co-emperor, 330.
Maximus (Petronius ——), western emperor, 360.
Mesopotamia,
Trajan’s conquest of, 246;
abandoned, 247;
Romans regain upper, 250;
made Roman province, 253;
Persian invasion of, 257;
Diocletian regains, 319.
Messalina, wife of Claudius, plot of, 232.
Messapians, the, 40.
Metaurus, battle of the, 85.
Metellus, see Q. Cæcilius Metellus.
Micipsa, king of Numidia, 132.
Milan, becomes seat of government for West, 319.
Military service,
universal, 58;
lower limit of, 60;
length of, 60;
under Augustus, 212;
changes of Sept. Severus in, 254;
under late Empire, 336–337.
Military system, see Army, Roman.
Militia, Roman, see levy.
M. Minucius, master of the horse, 81.
Minucius Felix, Christian writer, 301.
Misenum,
treaty of, 191;
naval station, 212.
Mithridates VI, Eupator, King of Pontus,
war with Rome, 143;
comes to terms, 145;
alliance with Sartorius, 153;
renews war with Rome, 153–155;
attacked by Pompey, 161;
death, 161.
Mithraism,
nature of, 306–307;
in Rome, 307.
Modestine, jurist, 301.
Mœsi, the, 219.
Mœsia, provinces of, 243.
Mogontiacum, 218.
Monasticism, rise and growth of, 394–396.
Monophysite controversy, 393–394.
Monophysites, Justinian’s treatment of, 383.
Moors, the, revolts of, 376.
Mos maiorum, influence of, 65–66.
Q. Mucius Scævola,
proconsul of Asia, 139;
legal writings of, 201.
L. Mummius, consul, defeats Achæans, 103.
Munda, battle of, 182.
Munera, of late Empire, 345.
Municipalities (municipia),
Roman, 44;
Italian towns organized into, after Marsic war, 142;
Julian law regulating, 181;
under the Principate, 280, 288;
of Gaul and Egypt, 281–283;
Hellenic type, 283, 284;
Latin type, 284, 285;
decline of, 286–288;
burden of curiales in, 346.
Mutina,
Roman colony, 97;
battle at, 187.
Mutiny, of army in Illyricum and on Rhine, 227.
Mylæ, naval battle at, 73.
Cn. Nævius, author, 120.
Naples, 20, 51.
Narbo, established, 132.
Narbonese Gaul,
made a province, 132;
extent of, 167;
a senatorial province, 216.
Narcissus, freedman of Claudius, 232.
Narses, general, campaigns of, 377–378.
Naucratis, 281.
Navy, Roman,
in first Punic War, 73, 74;
of Augustus, 212–213.
Neoplatonism, 307, 385.
Neopythagoreanism, 307.
Nepete, founded, 36.
Nero (Nero Claudius Cæsar),
parentage of, 232;
principate of, 232–235.
Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva), principate of, 244, 245.
Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople, 393.
New Carthage (Carthagena),
founded, 78;
taken by Romans, 84.
Nicomedes III, king of Bithynia, wills kingdom to Rome, 153.
Niger (C. Pescinnius ——),
saluted Imperator, 252;
death, 252.
“Nika” riot, the, 381.
Nisibis, Roman colony and fortress, 253.
Nobilitas, Senatorial aristocracy, 56, 196.
Nola, 18.
Nomen Latinum, 45.
Nomes (nomoi), in Egypt, 282.
Norba, 35.
Noricum,
Roman province of, 218;
abandoned, 361.
Numantia, siege of, 100.
Numeri, the, 273, 274.
Numidia, added to province of Africa, 221.
Oath of allegiance, exacted by Octavian, 194.
Octavia,
wife of Antony, 191, 192, 193;
divorced, 194.
Octavia, daughter of Claudius, 232, 233.
Octavianus, see C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus.
C. Octavius, see C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus.
M. Octavius, tribune, deposed by Assembly of Tribes, 127.
Odænathus, king of Palmyra, relations with Rome, 260.
Odovacar, patrician and imperial regent, 361.
Œnotrians, the, 13, 20.
Officiales,
of the Principate, 272;
of the late Empire, 341.
Officials,
equestrian, 270, 271;
provincial, 278–280;
of imperial household, 294;
of late Empire, 340–342.
L. Opimius, consul, leads attack on C. Gracchus, 130.
Oppian Law (lex Oppia), the, 119.
Oppida, 25, 26.
Optimates, the,
struggle with the Populares, chap. XII, 125f;
under Gracchan ascendancy, 126–130;
under Marian ascendancy, 134, 136, 139, 146;
under Sullan ascendancy, 147, 150;
strengthened by overthrow of Cataline, 164;
led by Cato the younger, 169, 170;
side with Pompey against Cæsar, 173.
Orationes principis, 266.
Oratory, in Rome, 121, 200.
Orchomenus, victory of Sulla, at, 144.
Orestes, master of the soldiers, 360–361.
Oriental cults, rise and progress of, 305–307.
Oscans (Opici), the, 13, 20.
Ostia, founded, 29.
Ostrogoths, the,
conquer Italy, 361–362;
Romans under régime of, 371;
reconquest of Italy from, 377–379.
Otho (Marcus Salvius ——), principate of, 236.
Ovid (P. Ovidius Naso), poet, 299.
P. = Publius.
Pachomius, founds first monastery, 395.
Pagan, origin of term, 387.
Pagan cults, see oriental cults.
Paganism,
in the late Empire, 385–386;
persecution of, 386–387.
Pagus, 25.
Palafitta, 9–10.
Palatini, 336.
Pallas, freedman of Claudius, 232.
Palmyra,
kingdom of, 260;
overthrown, 261–262.
Panætius of Rhodes, philosopher, in Rome, 123.
Pannonia, a Roman province, 220.
Pannonians, the, 219.
Panormus, captured by the Romans, 74.
Papacy, growth of the, 389, 403.
Papinian, see Æmilius Papinianus.
Cn. Papirius Carbo,
consul, opposes Sulla, 146;
executed, 149.
Parma, Roman colony, 97.
Parthians, the,
campaign of Crassus against, 172;
Antony’s campaign against, 192, 193;
Augustus and, 221;
struggle with Rome over Armenia, 234;
Trajan’s campaign against, 246;
war with, 161–165 A. D., 250;
campaign of Sept. Severus against, 253;
Caracalla and, 256.
Pater patriæ,
title of Julius Cæsar, 179;
title of Augustus, 208.
Patres, see Patricians.
Patria potestas, 64.
Patriarchate of Constantinople, the, growth of, 390.
Patricians, the,
definition of, 29;
in regal period, 29–30;
new families of, created, 181, 213;
title under late Empire, 343.
Patricii, see Patricians.
Patrimonium, evolution of the, 271–272.
Patrons, in early Rome, 30.
Patrum auctoritas,
exercised by patrician senators, 49;
restricted for the Assembly of the Centuries, 49–50.
Paul (Julius Paulus), jurist, 301.
Peasantry, the,
decline of, in Italy, 116;
increase of, due to Gracchan laws, 131;
reduced to serfdom, 288–292.
Perfectissimate, the, 343.
Pergamon,
kingdom of, 70;
enlarged by Romans, 94;
willed to Rome, 103.
M. Perperna, leader of Marian faction, 152, 153.
Perseus, son of Philip V, and king of Macedonia, war with Rome, 95, 96.
Persians, the,
campaign of Severus Alexander against, 257;
of Valerian, 259;
of Carus, 263;
of Diocletian, 319;
of Constantius II and Julian, 326–328;
of Valens, 329;
wars with Eastern Empire, 363, 366;
Justinian’s war with, 379, 381.
Pertinax (Publius Helvius ——), principate of, 252.
Perusia, 191.
C. Petronius, writer, 299.
Phalanx, the, in Roman army, 58–59.
Pharisees, the, 238.
Pharnaces, son of Mithridates,
makes peace with Pompey, 161;
defeated by Cæsar, 177.
Pharsalus, battle of, 176.
Philip V, king of Macedonia,
at war with Ætolians, 76;
becomes an ally of Carthage, 82;
at war with Rome, Ætolians, and Pergamon, 83;
concludes peace, 85;
alliance with Antiochus III against Egypt, 89;
second war with Rome, 90, 91;
cedes Greek possession to Rome, 91;
supports Rome against Antiochus, 93;
later hostility to Rome, 95.
Philippi, battle of, 190.
Philosophy, under the Principate, 302, 307.
Phœnicians, the, see Carthaginians.
Phraates IV, king of the Parthians, 221.
Picentes, the, 15, 39, 44.
Pietas, Roman conception of, 65.
Pilum, javelin, adopted in Roman army, 59.
Piræus, Athens and, besieged by Sulla, 144.
Pirates,
depredations of, 137;
Roman, 137;
command of Marcus Antonius against, in 74 B. C., 154;
command of Pompey against, 159, 160.
Piso, see C. Calpurnius Piso.
Placidia, Roman princess, 354, 358.
Placentia, 78.
Plague, the,
of 166 A. D., 250;
of 252 A. D., 259.
Plantation system, the, 115, 197;
transformation of, under Principate, 291;
growth of, under late Empire, 348.
Plautus (Titus Maccius ——), dramatist, 120.
Plebeians, the,
definition of, and status in early Rome, 30;
struggle for equality with patricians, 52–58;
admitted to consulship, 55, 56;
in Senate, 56;
secession to Janiculum, 57.
Plebiscites (plebi scita), 55;
binding without Senate’s previous sanction, 57.
Plebs, the,
(1) see Plebeians;
(2) of later Republic, 197;
under Augustus, 211, 222;
colleges of, 285, 286.
Pliny,
(1) the elder (Caius Plinius Secundus), writer, 299;
(2) the [pg 438]younger (C. Plinius Cæcilius Secundus), letters of, 300.
Plotinus, philosopher, 302.
Plutarch, Greek writer, 302.
Poetry,
(1) Roman, or Latin,
of third and second centuries, B. C., 120–121;
of last century of the Republic, 199–200;
of the Principate, 298–300;
of late Empire, 397–398.
—— (2) Greek, of late Empire, 401.
—— (3) Christian, 396–397; 399–401.
Police, of Rome, the, under Augustus, 222.
Polybius, Greek historian, view of Roman constitution, 106.
Pomerium, the, of Rome, 27.
Pompeian law (lex Pompeia), granting citizenship and Latin rights, 141.
Pompeii, 241.
Cn. Pompeius (Pompey),
raises army for Sulla, 146;
receives honors from Sulla, and triumph, 149;
command against Sertorius, 152, 153;
consul, 70 B. C., 156;
command against pirates, 159, 160;
command against Mithridates, 160, 161;
in First Triumvirate, 165;
curator annonæ, 169;
sole consul, and height of power, 173;
strife with Cæsar, 173–176;
defeat and death, 176.
Cn. Pompeius (Pompey), son of Pompey the Great, 181–182.
S. Pompeius (Pompey),
son of Pompey the Great, 181–182;
opposition to Antony and Octavian, 187–190;
makes terms, 191;
defeated, 192.
Pontifex Maximus, office of, 48.
Pontiffs, the,
number increased, 57;
new members chosen by Tribes, 138.
Pontus,
kingdom of Mithridates VI, 142;
subjugated and made a Roman province, 161.
Popilius (Lænas), Roman ambassador, 96.
Populares, the,
struggle with the Optimates, chap. XII, 125f;
under Gracchan ascendancy, 126–130;
under Marian ascendancy, 134, 136–139, 146;
led by Saturninus and Glaucia, 138–139;
led by Sulpicius Rufus, 144;
support Pompey and Crassus, 156.
Populus, 25.
Populus Romanus, 29.
M. Porcius Cato, the Elder,
hostility to Carthage, 101;
opposes luxury, 119;
writer of Latin prose, 121.
M. Porcius Cato, the younger, 164, 165, 169;
death, 177–179.
Portoria, customs dues, 113, 279.
Posidonius, 198.
Postumus, M. Cassius Latinius, general, forms empire in Gaul, 260, 262.
Potestas,
(1) maior, 52;
(2) tribunicia, see tribunicia potestas.
Præfectus annonæ, see prefect of the grain supply.
Præfectus morum, Julius Cæsar appointed, 179.
Præfectus urbi, see city prefect.
Præfectus vigilum, see prefect of the watch.
Præneste, 37.
Præses, præsides, title of, 278.
Prætor peregrinus, see Prætorship.
Prætorian prefect, 211, 212;
increase in power of, 254, 255, 257;
of senatorial rank, 257;
court of, 267;
title, 271;
deprived of military authority, 323;
under late Empire, 339, 340.
Prætorians, prætorian guard,
under Augustus, 212;
concentrated at Rome, 228;
nominate Claudius princeps, 23;
reconstituted, 240;
disbanded and reconstituted by Sept. Severus, 254.
Prætorship, the,
city, 51;
plebeians eligible to, 56;
prætor peregrinus, 109;
increased in number, for provinces, 109;
effect of prætorian edict on Roman law, 122;
increased in number by Sulla, 148;
by Julius Cæsar, 181;
decline of, 267, 294;
of late Empire, 341.
Prefect of Egypt, the, 278, 282.
Prefect of the grain supply, the, 222;
functions limited, 255.
Prefect of the watch, the, 222.
Prefectures,
(1) of auxiliary corps, 210, 278;
(2) the great, 222;
titles of occupants of, 271;
see also Prefects.
Priesthoods, the,
general characteristics of, 48;
opened to plebeians, 56;
enlarged by Julius Cæsar, 181;
decline of, 198;
reëstablishment of, 213.
Princeps,
Pompey considered as, 173;
definition of, 208;
powers of, increase at expense of Senate, 264–267;
friction with Senate, 267–268;
title of, in Egypt, 281.
Principate, the,
foreshadowed by Pompey’s position, 173;
establishment of, chap. XVI, 205f;
defined and explained, 208;
weakness of, 225, 226;
constitutional development of, chap. XIX, 264.
Principes, officials of late Empire, 338, 342.
Probus (Marcus Aurelius ——), principate and campaigns of, 262–263.
Proconsulship, the,
instituted, 51;
frequent in Second Punic War, 87;
evolution of, under the Principate, 265.
Procopius, historical writer, 401.
Procuratorships,
equestrians eligible to, 210, 265;
freedmen admitted to, 270;
increased, 270;
classification, 270, 271;
replace publicani, 279, 280.
Proletariat, the urban, 117.
Promagistracy, the,
instituted, 51;
reorganized by Sulla, 148;
law of Pompey regulating, 174;
in senatorial career, 209.
Propertius, poet, 299.
Propraetorship, the,
use of, in second Punic War, 87;
given to Pompey, 149;
see also Promagistracy.
Proscriptions, the,
of Sulla, 147;
of Second Triumvirate, 189.
Prose,
(1) Roman or Latin,
of third and second centuries B. C., 121;
of last century of Republic, 200, 201;
of the Principate, 299–301;
of late Empire, 397, 398;
(2) Greek,
of the Principate, 302;
of late Empire, 401;
(3) Christian, of late Empire, 396–398, 400.
Provinces, the,
organization and government of, 110–114;
governors of, appointed on new basis, 148;
imperial and senatorial, 216, 278;
condition of, under the Principate, 277–285;
officials of, 278–280;
subdivision of, by Diocletian, 319;
government of, under late Empire, 340.
Provincial governors,
under the Republic, 112;
under the Principate, 278–279;
under late Empire, 340.
Ptolemais, 281.
Ptolemy IV, Philopater, king of Egypt,
supplies Rome with grain, 88;
death of, 89.
Ptolemy XIV, 176, 177.
Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemæus), astronomer, 302.
Publicani,
tax-farmers, 113;
equestrians, 117, 118;
under the Principate, 279, 280.
Pulcheria, regent for Theodosius II, 363, 364.
Punic Wars, the,
first, 72–73;
second, 78–88;
effect of, on Italy, 86–88;
third, 100–102.
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, 40–42.
Q. = Quintus.
Quadi, the, 242;
defeated by M. Aurelius, 250, 251.
Quæstio rerum repetundarum, see Court of Extortion.
Quæstorship, the,
(1) Roman magistracy, 50;
plebeians eligible to, 55;
in provinces, 112;
number increased by Sulla, 148;
by Julius Cæsar, 181;
in senatorial career, 209;
of late Empire, 341;
(2) in the provinces, 278;
(3) in municipalities, 284;
(4) at court of later Emperors, 340.
P. Quinctilius Varus, defeat of, 220.
Quinquennales, 284.
Quinquennium Neronis, the, 232.
Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintillianus), writer, 299.
Quirites, 29.
Ræti, the, 217.
Rætia,
Roman province of, 218;
abandoned, 361.
Rationalis,
secretary of the treasury, 272;
superseded by count of the sacred largesses, 340.
Ravenna,
naval station, 212;
Ostrogothic capital, 371;
capture of, by Belisarius, 377.
Recruitment, of legions,
territorial, 272, 273;
of army under late Empire, 336, 337.
Religion,
of early Rome, chap. VII, 61f;
importance of ritual in, 61;
foreign influences in, 63, 64;
and morality, 64;
adoption of Greek mythology by Rome, 122;
increasing skepticism in, 123;
in last century of Republic, 197, 198;
revival under Augustus, 213–215;
under the Principate, 304–313;
oriental cults, 305–307;
Judaism and Christianity, 303, 313;
of the Germanic tribes, 371, 372.
Res privata, 272;
of late Empire, 341.
Rhegium, 20.
Rhodes,
island republic, 70;
appeals to Rome against Philip V, 90;
joins Rome against Antiochus, 93;
territory enlarged, 94;
punished by Rome, 96.
Ricimer, master of the soldiers, career of, 360.
Road system,
of Italy, improved under C. Gracchus, 128.
See also Via Appia, etc.
Roma, worship of, 214.
Roman confederacy in Italy, the, 42–46;
military strength of, 77.
Roman foreign policy, 42, 43;
new field for, 67;
towards the Greek states, 94;
toward Macedonia, 95;
in east[pg 440]ern Mediterranean, 96, 97;
from 167–133 B. C., 99.
Romans, the,
a Latin people, 27, 29;
name of, 29;
under the Visigoths, 369;
under the Vandals, 370;
under the Ostrogoths, 370, 371;
under the Burgundians and the Franks, 371.
Romanus, poet, 401.
Rome, the city of,
site, 26;
growth of, 26, 27;
Etruscan influences, 28, 29;
of the Four Regions, 26;
sacked by Gauls, 35;
Servian wall of, 35;
change in appearance of, in third and second centuries B. C., 123, 124;
administration of, under Augustus, 232;
devastated by fire, 233;
receives title of sacra, 253;
similarity to provincial city, 283;
under the Principate, 293;
ceases to be capital, 319;
plundered by Alaric, 353;
by Vandals, 356;
Belisarius besieged in, 377.
Romulus Augustulus, western emperor, 361.
Rorarii, light troops, 59.
Rufinus, master of the soldiers, 362.
Rutilius Namatianus, poet, 398.
P. Rutilius Rufus, ex-quæstor, trial of, 139.