Pius IX., election, 140;
amnesty, 141;
popular belief in, 142-3;
reforms, 145;
conspiracy against him, 145;
uncertainties, 147; effect of his reforms, 169;
concessions at end of 1847, 179;
hesitations, 335;
dragged into Lombard war, 338;
confusion of his position, 339;
Encyclical of April 29th, 346-7;
accepts Mamiani, 348;
suspicions of King of Naples, 354;
Radetzky's alarm at his reforms, 358;
attitude in June 1848, 417-18;
appoints Rossi, 418;
accepts democratic Ministry, 421;
flight to Gaeta, 422;
denounces Charles Albert, 425.

Poerio, Carlo, 177.

Poland, insurrection of 1830, 50;
relations of exiles with Italy, 69-71;
weakness of, 80;
feelings of Liberals to, 129;
proposals about in Frankfort Parliament, 306;
its share in Slav Congress, 321, 323, 327.

Pollet, 243.

Portugal, 48.

Posen, Blum's feeling to, 129;
March movement in, 248-9;
relations of with Prussia, 296, 370;
with Frankfort Parliament, 362;
cruelties of Pfuel in, 404, 405;
concessions to, 408.

Pozzo di Borgo, 4.

Pragmatic Sanction, 97.

Prague, in the 17th century, 252;
March movement in, 254-60;
race difficulties in, 289-90;
meeting of Congress at, 320-8;
June rising in, 328-33;
effect of fall, 332-3.

Presburg, influence of contrasted with Paris, preface 2;
policy of contrasted with Buda-Pesth, 278-9.

Press, Austrian law on, 193-4;
demands for freedom of, 195, 212, 220, 221, 224, 236, 305, 371;
concessions of in Vienna, 244, 303-4;
in Hungary, 246, 280;
in Berlin, 247;
censorship of, 214, 224, 225, 231.

Prussia, position in Europe, 7;
hatred of in Rhine Province, 12;
position of in Germany in 1837, 93;
policy of to Cracow, 130;
rivalry of with Frankfort, 361, 375;
relations of with Posen, 370;
action of in Danish war, 371-5;
change of relations with Germany, 376, 496;
constitutional struggles in, 402-14.

---- King of. See Frederick William III. and IV.

Prussia, Prince William of, 370, 404, 407.

Puchner, relations of with Roumans, 440-1;
campaign in Transylvania, 442-6;
negotiates with Russians, 447-8;
deposed, 463.

Pulazky, 229, 254, 389, 395, 436.


R.

Raab, 437, 490.

Radetzky, appealed to by Duke of Modena, 150;
threatens Charles Albert, 182;
Milanese opinion of, 184;
hostility of to Lombard clergy, 196;
organizes smoking massacres, 197-8;
proclamation by, 198-9;
in March rising, 265-6, 269;
accepted as champion of Empire, 335;
retreat from Milan, 337;
denounced by Durando, 340;
recaptures Mantua, 341;
fortifies it, 348;
at Curtatone, 355;
at Goito, 356;
share in May conspiracy, 357;
captures Vicenza, 359;
defeats Charles Albert, 363-4;
reconquers Lombardy, 367;
invades Roman States, 368;
policy of in Modena, note to 380;
treachery of in Lombardy, 426;
final struggle against Venice, 490.

Ragusa, 98.

Rainieri, 182, 184, 188, 198.

Rajaciç, timidity, 286;
summons Serb Assembly, 287;
conduct in Serb Assembly, 311;
elected Patriarch, 312;
attitude to Croats, 319;
struggle with Stratimiroviç, 385-6;
checks opposition to Austria, 457.

Rakoczi, 281-2. See note also.

Ramorino, 70-1, 428.

Recsey, 388-9.

Regis, Colonel, in 1821, 43;
in 1831, 60.

Renzi, Pietro, his insurrection, 125-8.

Republicans, Italian, in Lombard war, 342;
attitude of in Milan, 356-8, 365;
government of Rome by, 464-6;
defence of Rome by, 473-87.

Republicans, South German, 232-3, 361, 376-8, 485.

Reichenberg, rivalry with Prague, 291.

Restelli, 366.

Rhine Province, Prussian tyranny in, 12;
in March rising, 248;
Socialism in, 403;
relations of with France, 404.

Ridolfi, 148.

Rieger, summons Slav Congress, 301;
accused of plot, 332;
treatment of in Vienna Parliament, 379;
at Kremsier, 416.

Riego, Raphael, his insurrection, 30-1.

Rilliet, General, 161.

Rimini, insurrection of, 127-8.

Rodbertus, 407.

Rollin, Ledru, warns Mazzini, 470;
opposes expedition to Rome, 476;
his insurrection, 484.

Romagna, insurrection in, 128.

Roman States, movement in for Constituent Assembly, 422-3;
government of by Triumvirate, 464-7;
reconquest of by Austrians, 485.
See also Pius VII., Gregory XVI., Saffi, Ciceruacchio.

Rome, opening of Parliament in, 417;
rising in after Rossi's death, 421;
Mazzini in, 427;
Triumvirate in, 464-7;
relations of with Tuscany, 467-8;
French expedition against, 470-3;
siege of, 473-7, 481-4;
fall of, 486-8.
See also Pius IX., Mazzini, Ciceruacchio.

Ronge, 94-5, 221.

Roselli, 481-2.

Rossi, influence at Paris, 122;
share in election of Pius IX., 140;
relations of with Guizot, 159;
appointed Minister, 418;
policy, 419;
death, 420-1.

Roth, Stephen, his pamphlet, 113-14;
emigration scheme, 115-16;
government in Transylvania, 445;
death, 450-2.

Roumanians, conquered by Szekler, 108;
position in Transylvania, 110;
effect on of Joseph II.'s reforms, 110-11;
Libellus Wallachorum, 111-12;
treatment of by Schaguna, 113;
defence of by Roth, 114;
May meeting, 312-15;
growing sympathy with Saxons, 316;
insurrection of, 317-18;
struggles of in September and October, 439-46, 448;
feelings of to Constitution of 1849, 456;
Kossuth's concessions to, 457.

Rovigo, relations of with Venice, 344.

Ruffini, Jacopo, his suicide, 69.

Ruggiero, Settimo, 176, 469-70.

Russia, position of in Europe, 7, 10;
policy of to Cracow, 130;
hatred of in Vienna, 238;
feeling of German Liberals to, 296;
of Palacky to, 297;
fear of in Berlin, 404;
invades Transylvania, 448;
defeat of by Bem, 449;
conquers Transylvania, 491-2.

---- Czar of. See Alexander, Nicholas.

Ruthenians, demands of in Slav Congress, 323.


S.

St. Gallen, 152, 158.

Saaz, rivalry with Prague, 291.

Saffi, Aurelio, action in time of Gregory XVI., 138;
appeal for a Constituent Assembly, 432;
made Triumvir, 464;
helps in preserving order, 464-5.

Salmen, 315.

Salvotti, 46.

Sand, Ludwig, 15.

Santa Rosa, Santorre di, his policy in 1821, 36;
relations with Charles Albert, 40;
policy, 42-3;
final defeat, 43.

---- Pietro di, 181.

Sardinia, King of. See Victor Amadeus, Victor Emmanuel, Charles Felix, Charles Albert.

Sardinia, position of. See Piedmont.

Sarner Bund, 152-3.

Savelli, 139.

Savoy, invasion of in 1834, 69-71;
House of, see Victor Amadeus, &c.

Saxons, position of in Transylvania, 108-10, 441;
relations of to Roumanians, 110, 112, 444-5;
treatment of by Magyars, 114-15;
protest against absorption, 315-16;
vote on that subject, 317;
relations of with Puchner, 445;
application of to Russia, 448;
treatment of by Csanyi, 449-52.

Saxony, King of, in 1815, 2.

---- Prussian claim to, 3;
position of in 1837, 92;
reform movement in, 95-6;
revolution of 1848 in, 223-5.

Schaguna, his work for Roumanians, 113;
share in May meeting, 314-15;
attempt to check Roumans, 318;
relations with Puchner, 445;
appeal to Russia, 448.

Scharnhorst, 11.

Schauffer, 398.

Schill, 11.

Schiller, on German literature, 89.

Schilling, insults Bohemians, 298-9.

Schleswig-Holstein, question of in 1846, 163-5;
in 1848, 371-5;
effect of in Prussia, 404-7.

Schmalz, his pamphlet, 11;
his honours, 12.

Schmerling, 317, 496.

Schuselka, his pamphlet, 208;
demand for his expulsion, 208;
appeal against Press law, 304;
tries to reconcile Germans and Bohemians, 325;
speech to Magyar deputation, 387-8.

Schütte, organizes April demonstration, 304-5.

Schwarzenberg, 268-9.

Schwytz, 152-3.

Sciva, 171-2.

Sedlnitzky, 185, 204, 207, 212, 214;
his fall, 247.

Serbs, effect of their entry into Hungary, 97-8;
in Buda-Pesth, 277;
demands of in March 1848, 278, 280, 284;
treatment of in March and April 1848, 284-5;
movement for independence, 286-7;
May meeting of, 311-12;
May insurrection, 319, 320;
demands of in Slav Congress, 323;
Metternich's opinion of, 382;
changed character of movement, 85-6;
feeling of to Constitution of 1849, 455-6;
influence of Rajaciç over, 457.

Sicily, constitution destroyed, 2;
attitude of in 1820, 33-4;
reconquest of, 44;
effect of insurrection, 167;
Neapolitan government of, 168-70;
insurrection in January 1848, 171-7;
offers throne to Duke of Genoa, 346-52;
fall of, 468-70.

Sigel, 485.

Silesia, Prussian, effect of famine in, 166;
March rising in, 248;
general condition of, 402-3;
Roman Catholics in, 412.

---- Austrian, relations of with Bohemia, 258, 289, 290.

Silvio Pellico, 26.

Simon of Breslau, action in Frankfort riots, 375-6.

Sismondi, 26, 69.

Sladkowsky, 323, 328.

Slavonia, relations of with Croatia, 97-8;
centre of Serb movement, 280-4.

Slavs, their position in Hungary, 101;
attempts to Magyarise, 101-2;
in March 1848, 276;
relations of with Germany, 296;
Congress of, 300-1, 320-8.

---- Southern, connection between, 98-9.

Slovaks, relations of with Bohemia, 254;
demands of in March 1848, 276;
in Slav Congress, 326;
relations of with Ferdinand, 461.

Slovenes, demands of in March 1848, 276;
in Slav Congress, 327.

Smolka, tries to save Latour, 391.

Socialism, at Frankfort, 294-5;
at Vienna, 305, 389;
at Berlin, 403;
later rise of, 496.

Solothurn, 152.

Sommaruga, 207.

Sonderbund, 155, 159, 160;
war of, 160-3.

Sophia, Arch Duchess. See Arch Duchess.

Spain, popular feeling in, 4, 5;
rule of in Lombardy, 20;
rising in 1820, 30-1;
French invasion of in 1822, 48.

Spaur, 182, 188-9, 261.

Speri, Tito, 428.

Stabile, Mariano, 176.

Stände. See Estates.