214. The enclitic particles which are used as absolute attributes follow a monosyllabic enclitic pronoun (kà, kò, mò) but precede a disyllabic enclitic pronoun (including niyà, nyà, siyà, syà). 10Among themselves they follow the general rule: monosyllabic enclitics precede disyllabic enclitics (§ 47).

215. bà is expressive of interrogation in yes-and-no questions and often in others: Máy-roon ba silà ŋ ginawàʾ? Have they done anything? Máy-roon ka bà ŋ gàgawìn? Have you anything 15to do? Ipinùpútol mo ba akò naŋ tubò? Will you cut some sugar-cane for me? Pinapagpùpútol ba nila syà naŋ káhoy? Does he get ordered by them to cut wood? i. e. Do they have him cut wood? Ano bà aŋ inilùlútu mo? What is it you are cooking? Anu ba kayò? What sort of people are you? Hindí mu ba nàkíta si 20Hwàn sa teyátro? Didn’t you see Juan at the theatre? Aŋ iyo bà ŋ kapatìd? Your sister? See §§ 223. 229.

216. bagà throws more stress on the interrogation: Ikàw bagà y nagasáwa? Did you (ever) get married? See §§ 290. 317.

217. dàw, ràw expresses that the sentence represents the 25saying of someone other than the speaker; the person so quoted may be the agent of the sentence itself: Pagkà pinapagpútol mo ràw sya naŋ kawáyan ay làláyas syà. When he is ordered by you to cut bamboo, he will leave, I am told, or: he will leave, he says. Aŋ paguupú raw nya sa damò ay mabúti sa kanyà. He 30says (or: They say) his habit of sitting on the grass is good for him. It is sometimes used pleonastically, see the example in § 278.

218. dìn, rìn expresses that the expression modified (which may be the whole sentence or an element within the sentence) is 35like a corresponding earlier idea: Ako rìn aŋ nagpalígo sa bátaʾ. It was I, too, that bathed the child (beside the other things I did), i. e. I also bathed the child. Si Hwan dìn aŋ naglínis naŋ kabalyerésa. Juan also cleaned a stable or stables (beside the other things he did). Si Hwàn ay naglínis rìn naŋ kabalyerésa. 40Juan, too, cleaned stables. Here dìn is an attribute of naglínis naŋ kabalyerésa: this act has been performed by Juan even as by others previously spoken of or known of. Si Hwána ay naglúto naŋ estopádo; kamakalawà naglútu rin akò naŋ estopádo. Juana cooked meat-stew; day-before-yesterday I too cooked meat-stew. Iyo ŋ úna ŋ kumalabòg ay akò, aŋ ikalawà ay ako rìn. 5That first thing which came down with a thud was I, the second was I again. Nahúlog dìn syà. He fell down again. Káhit na madilìm aŋ gabì ay nagpasyal dìn si Pédro. Although the night was dark, Pedro none the less (i. e. even as at other times) took a walk.

10Thus dìn is especially common in expressions of identity: Kahápon ay nakàkíta ako naŋ isa ŋ táo sa Maynílaʾ, at ŋayòn ay nàkíta ko aŋ táwo rì ŋ iyòn sa báya ŋ itò. Yesterday I saw a man in Manila, and today I saw the same man in this town.

In some instances dìn modifies an element not actually identical 15with another. Nagtalòn sya sa bintánaʾ, dátapuwat sinundàn din syà naŋ amà. He jumped out of a window, but he was followed, too, by the father. See §§ 221. 227. 238. 239. 262, (11).

219. kayàʾ expresses doubt or possibility of choice: Anò kayàʾ aŋ ipinagútos mo sa kanyà? What perchance did you order 20him to do? Màpàpagkúroʾ kayá nya sa súlat na iyàn aŋ íbig mo ŋ gawìn nya. Perhaps he may be able to make out from this letter of yours what you want him to do. Baká kayàʾ magkaputòl aŋ maŋa tubò sa kalakasàn naŋ háŋi ŋ itò. I am afraid that perhaps the sugar-cane may all break off, what with the strength 25of this wind.

For another use of kayàʾ see § 297; cf. §§ 317. 321.

220. lámaŋ only: Isà lámaŋ aŋ mansánas na nátira sa lamésa. Only one apple is left on the table. So: íisa lámaŋ only a single one. Sila ŋ tatlò ay walà ŋ pagkáin kuŋ hindí aŋ itlòg 30lámaŋ na nàtìtirà. The three had no food except only the egg that was left.

Occasionally lámaŋ follows the expression it modifies: isa ŋ ikápat na partè lámaŋ only a fourth part.

Sometimes a na is left off after lámaŋ: Ákin lámaŋ pinùputlàn 35naŋ buhòk. By-me (for ákin ... na, ŋ) only (he, anaphoric) is-getting-cut of hair, i. e. I am only cutting his hair. siya lámaŋ kàkáin naŋ itlòg he (who; normally this relation is expressed by na, ŋ) will-eat the egg, i. e. the one who is alone to eat the egg. See §§ 227. 243.

40221. màn expresses contrast with what precedes; it is the opposite of dìn, and the two are often used in one sentence to emphasize the point of difference and that of identity: Si Hwan màn ay naglínis (rìn) naŋ kabalyerésa. Juan, too, cleaned stables (as did others). Lálù nà lumakì aŋ gálit ni Hwàn, naŋ màbalitáan niya ŋ aŋ ikalawà màn nya ŋ anàk ay nagsundálo rìn. Juan’s anger grew even greater when he learned that his second son too had (like the other) become a soldier.

5With interrogatives màn produces indefinites: Walà ŋ anu màn. There is nothing at all; also: Not at all, i. e. You’re welcome. aŋ ano mà ŋ pasákit any kind of injury; aŋ alin mà ŋ paŋkàt any team; sínu màn any person whatever, anyone at all. See §§ 227. 248. 262, (7. 10). 290. 317.

10222. múna expresses that that modified precedes another thing: Magàwítan múna táyo, bágo táyo maghiwá-hiwalày. Let’s sing a song together (first) before we part. Maŋáko ka múna... First promise....

223. nà takes into view the maturity of a situation (cf. 15German schon): Aŋ librò y gamit nà. The book is used already, i. e. is second-hand. Agad nà ŋ lálamìg. It will soon be cold now. Paálam na akò (sa iyò). Good-bye (to you). Nahánap ko nà aŋ sombréro. I have already looked for the hat. Nahánap na nyà aŋ sombréro. He has.... aŋ maláon na nila ŋ pagpupuyàt 20gabi-gabì their long staying up now every night, i. e. the fact that they have staid up late every night now. íisa na lámaŋ paŋkàt only a single group now. It precedes bà (§ 215): Nakahandá na ba aŋ áki ŋ paŋpalígoʾ? Is my bath ready? Gánu ka na bà kakínis? How clever are you by this time?

25It is used also in brusque or familiar commands: Pálù na sa kanya ŋ kamày! Hit him on his hand! Sáma na sa ákin. Come to me (to a child). Ílag ka na riyàn! Be off there! See §§ 224. 226. 227. 229. 242. 244.

224. namàn expresses transition to another subject, hence 30often also mild contrast: Hábaŋ si Hwána ay naglùlútoʾ, si Hwàn namàn ay naglìlínis naŋ báhay. While Juana is cooking, Juan cleans the house. Anu ka ba namà ŋ táo? What sort of person are you, anyway? Ibà namàn aŋ gawìn mo ŋ lúto sa manòk. You are to cook the chicken in a different way. siya rìn namàn 35nyà ŋ karanyúwa ŋ kinàkáin that which, however, is usually eaten by him.

The combination nà namàn means again: Maínit na namàn. It’s hot again.

225. nawàʾ pray, please expresses imprecation: Kaawaàn 40nawàʾ ninyo kamì, poo ŋ Dyòs! Take pity on us, O Lord!

226. ŋàʾ is assertive and emphasizing: Oo ŋàʾ. Yes indeed. Ikaw ŋàʾ aŋ nagsábi niyàn. You yourself are the one who said that. It is used in polite requests: Itúru ŋa ninyò sa ákin aŋ daàn. Please show me the way. Ipakipútol mo ŋàʾ, Hwàn, aŋ tinibàn sa áki ŋ bakúran. Please, Juan, cut down for me the banana-stump in my yard. It follows nà: Pakipútol na ŋàʾ aŋ sinúlid na itò. Please cut this string for me. See § 229.

5227. pà expresses the immaturity or continuance of a situation (cf. German noch) and stands in contrast with nà. Its meaning is often emphasized by lámaŋ: mabúti pà better yet, Íbig ko pà naŋ kánin. I should like some more rice. Hampasìn mo pa syà. Whip him some more. Saríwà pa aŋ damìt. The clothes are 10still wet. It precedes dìn and màn (cf. § 248): aŋ isa pa rì ŋ káluluwa another (i. e. one more) soul; Hindí pa rìn lubhà ŋ maliwánag. It was, however, not yet light enough. Kagìgísiŋ ko pa lámaŋ. I have only just waked up. See §§ 243. 248.

228. palà, used after hindìʾ (§ 239), expresses contrast with 15one’s expectation, reversal: Aŋ ísip ko y balat lámaŋ naŋ itlòg itò, hindí palà, kun díʾ itlòg na boòʾ. I thought this was only an egg-shell, but no, it was a whole egg.

229. pòʾ is expressive of politeness toward the person addressed: Oo pòʾ. Yes, sir; Yes, ma’am. Patàtawárin pòʾ! Pardon 20me; used also in refusing to give alms. Patàtawárin po naŋ ilà ŋ sandalèʾ. Excuse me for a few moments, please. Maghintú pu kayò. Please stop (plural or polite singular). Magsihintú pu kayò. Please stop (explicit plural). Umupú po kayò. Please sit down. Maupú po kayò. Please be seated. Ikinalúluŋkot ko pòʾ 25aŋ kasawià-ŋ-pálad na naŋyáre sa inyò. I lament the misfortune which has come to you. aŋ iyo pò ŋ Kamàhálan your Majesty. pòʾ precedes bà and follows nà and ŋàʾ: Kaawaàn na pòʾ ninyo kamì, poo ŋ Dyòs! Take pity on us, O Lord! Maàári pu bà ŋ kayò y maghintòʾ? Can you please stop? Occasionally pòʾ follows 30that modified: Magandà ŋ áraw pòʾ! Good day; How do you do?

230. sána expresses unreal futurity in the past or doubtful futurity in the present; in the latter sense it expresses modesty in a request: Ipaglálaba sána kità naŋ iyo ŋ damìt, ŋúnit walàʾ ako ŋ sabòn. I would wash your clothes for you, but I have no soap. 35Isinúlat ko sa kanyà ŋ pilítin sána niya ŋ màparíto sa átin, pag sya y nàrìritò sa báya ŋ itò. I wrote to him to try to get round here to us when he gets to this town.

231. tulòy further, in continuation: Sinábi tulòy niyà.... He said further....

40232. ulèʾ again, equivalent with mulìʾ (§ 148), has two irregularities: it is often not enclitic but closely joined postpositive, and, in this case, it may, entirely like mulìʾ, be conjunctive instead of absolute: Nahúlog ulí sya. He fell again; but: Umakyàt sya ulèʾ. He climbed again; and even: ... naŋ magdaàn sya ŋ ulèʾ sa pasíga ŋ itò.... when he again walked on this beach.