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Criminality and economic conditions

Chapter 326: M
By Willem Adriaan Bonger
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EconomicsLaw & CriminologySociology

About This Book

The work surveys historical and contemporary writings on the relation between economic circumstances and criminal behavior, reviewing precursors, moral statisticians, the Italian and French criminological schools, bio-socialist and spiritualist perspectives, and socialist analyses. It evaluates statistical studies and theoretical claims about property, prices, industrialization, and social movements, compares competing methodologies, and highlights complexities and contested findings in linking poverty and prosperity to crime rates. The author synthesizes criticisms and evidence to offer a cautious, empirically minded conclusion about the multifaceted influence of economic conditions on criminality.

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INDEX

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A

Adams-Lehmann, 304

Adultery, 609

Albanel, 496

Alcoholism, 219, 352, 357, 500, 508, 619, 639, 665

Aschaffenburg, 640

Augagneur, 616

Austria, statistics of, 327, 329, 336, 338, 367, 412, 426, 438, 475, 489, 505, 522, 619, 641

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B

Baccaro, 607

Baer, 176, 511, 596, 657

Baets, 205

Bankruptcy, fraudulent, 599

Battaglia, 214

Baumgarten, 338, 505

Bebel, 227

Beccaria, 10

Belgium, statistics of, 34, 61, 413, 427, 509, 641

Benedikt, 210n, 649

Bio-Sociologists, iii, 178

Blaschko, 339, 341, 355, 665

Bonhoeffer, 354, 365, 512, 561

Bosco, 590

Bourgeoisie, 263, 303, 314, 405, 483
petty, 267, 317

Bournet, 592

Brace, 514

Brehm, 382

Brissot de Warville, 15

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C

Cabet, 25

Catlin, 385

Cavaglieri, Florian and, 561

Child labor, 242, 407

City and country, 474

Civil status, 218

Classes, proportion in which guilty, 436

Climate, 367

Colajanni, 220, 559, 614

Commenge, 338, 352

Corne, 47

Corre, 161

Cowell, 339

Crime, classification of, 536
definition of, 377
classes of (statistics) 452, 538 (see also “Adultery”, “Economic”, “Persons”, “Political”, “Property”, “Robbery”, “Sexual”, “Theft”, etc.)

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D

Dallemagne, 660, 666

Darwin, 165, 284, 382, 391, 479

Degeneracy, 352

Denis, 205, 235

Denmark, statistics of, 507

Després, 623

Domestic relations, 219, 241

Dostoievsky, 527

Ducpetiaux, 33

Dugdale, 499, 514

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E

Economic crimes, 545
crises, 243

Education, 217, 310, 478 (see also “Ignorance”)

Egoism, 381

Ellis, 192, 542

Engels, 27, 338, 339, 364, 424

England (and Wales), statistics of, 37, 43, 58, 62, 71, 183, 324, 329, 337, 342, 351, 411, 425, 443, 465, 485, 491, 505, 510, 521, 530, 539, 549, 554, 619 [704]

“Englands industrielle Reservearmee”, 276

Environment, school of, see “French school”

Europe, statistics of, 92, 185, 631

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F

Factors, anthropological, 102
physical, 107
social, 125

Family, 216, 291, 307, 478

Faucher, 345

Fekete, 642

Féré, 222, 659, 663

Ferri, 99, 177, 236, 527, 611, 614

Ferriani, 342, 344, 483, 497, 506

Fiaux, 338

Florian and Cavaglieri, 561

Flynt, 561, 579n, 583, 584, 599

Fornasari di Verce, 138

France, statistics of, 46, 48, 58, 60, 94, 115, 161, 233, 325, 329, 341, 343, 352, 414, 421, 428, 444, 450, 468, 472, 485, 493, 506, 510, 523, 530, 540, 543, 566, 613, 615, 619, 622, 642

Frankenstein, 345

French school, iii, 148

Frölich, 366

Fuld, 57

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G

Gall, 165

Garofalo, 96, 222

Germany, statistics of, 39, 51, 53, 55, 59, 63, 67, 74, 238, 286, 330, 334, 337, 344, 408, 432, 439, 441, 452, 457, 464, 474, 486, 490, 501, 503, 506, 511, 514, 520, 530, 538, 546, 550, 552, 556, 565, 567, 592, 628, 632, 641

Gisquet, 585

Godwin, 18

Grotjahn, 357, 371

Gruber, 373

Guerry, 30

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H

Haeckel, 228

Hatzig, 350

Hawkins, 339

Hirsch, 241, 335

Holbach, 13

Holmes, 527

Holst, 362

Housing conditions, 241, 361, 420

Hungary, statistics of, 238, 449, 642

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I

Ignorance, 219, 362, 424

Imitation, 367, 528

Individual differences, 534

Infanticide, 644

Instruction, see “Education”

Ireland, statistics of, 429, 497

Italian school, iii, 88

Italy, statistics of, 90, 139, 326, 342, 344, 416, 430, 436, 446, 450, 469, 486, 497, 506, 513, 524, 541, 543, 558, 589, 634

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J

Jaeger, 382

Jeannel, 338

Jelgersma, 657

Joly, 346, 598

Juvenile crime, 242, 407, 484

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K

Kautsky, 247n, 366, 394

Key, 420

Kovalewsky, 388

Kurella, 136, 556

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L

Lacassagne, 148, 230

Ladame, 623

Lafargue, 229

Lamarck, 165

Laspeyres, 421

Laurent, 555

Lecour, 336

Legrain, 666

Lelorrain, 211

Leuss, 577, 579

Lewy, 661

Linguet, 10

Liszt, 187

Lombroso, vi, 88, 155, 230, 353, 382, 648n, 657

Long hours, 350, 420

Löwenstimm, 555, 561

Lux, 237, 508, 618

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M

Mably, 14

Maine, 387 [705]

Manouvrier, vi, 164, 598

Marambat, 510, 619, 641

Marriage, 241, 291, 449

Marro, 498, 513

Marx, 246, 247n, 248

Marxists, 210n

Masoin, 509

Maudsley, 663

Mayr, 38, 84, 345

Mendel, 556

Meslier, 7

Meyer, 68

Militarism, 374, 516

More, 1

Moreau, 599

Moreau-Christophe, 37, 346

Morel, 509

Morelly, 9

Morgan, 386

Morrison, 181

Morselli, 606

Müller, 74

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N

Näcke, 190, 353, 661

Nansen, 383, 399, 626

Netherlands, statistics of, 209, 288, 324, 408, 418, 431, 450, 470, 498, 513, 531, 542, 551, 555, 569, 619, 635, 642

New South Wales, statistics of, 144

Niceforo, 145

Norway, 500, 642

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O

Occupations, 441

Odin, 279

Oettingen, 53

Offenses, see “Crimes”

Ostwald, 548

Owen, 21, 315

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P

Pappritz, 345

Parent-Duchatelet, 337, 341, 342, 346, 352, 354, 365

Pathological crimes, 656

Penalty, 519

Persons, crimes against, 66, 80, 240

Philippovich, 334

Political crimes, 238, 648

Post, 587

Power, 339

Precursors, 1

Present economic system, 247

Prins, 176, 178

Prinzing, 443

Proal, 203

Proletariat, 269, 305, 317, 407, 487
lower, 275, 306, 435, 487

Property, crimes against, 65, 78, 238

Prostitution, 219, 241, 321, 504

Proudhon, 163

Public order, crimes against, 82

Puibaraud, 578, 580, 603

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R

Race, 368

Rape, 612
upon children, 621

Raux, 480, 488, 494

Religion, 205, 207, 209

Reproduction, 216

Rettich, 66

Richelot, 351

Robbery, 589
from cupidity, 594
from poverty, 592
by professional criminals, 598

Rollet, see “Tomel”

Romagnosi, 223

Rousseau, 8, 591

Russia, statistics of, 73, 326, 328, 330, 555

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S

Sacker, 526

S(chmidt), J., 568

Scotland, statistics of, 324, 330, 429, 485, 491

Sergi, 223

Sexes and family, relation of, 291

Sexual crimes, 608 (see also “Adultery”, etc.)

Sichart, 515, 546

Sicily, statistics of, 146

Simon, 205

Social condition of classes, 263

Socialists, third school and the, 210

Socquet, 615

Spencer, 223

Spinoza, ii

Spiritualists, iii, 199

Spurzheim, 165

Starke, 62

Statisticians, iii, 30

Steinmetz, 388

Sterilization, vi [706]

Stursberg, 55

Sullivan, 619

Surplus value, 251

Sutherland, 626

Sweden, statistics of, 225, 514, 619, 643

Switzerland, 68, 433, 439, 451, 502, 515, 620, 643

Syphilis, 665

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T

Tarde, 149, 578

Tarnowsky, 73, 353

Terza Scuola, see “Third school”

Theft, 563 (see also “Property, crimes against”)
from cupidity, 571
from poverty, 564
by professional criminals, 579

Third school and the socialists, iii, 210

Thomsen, 578

Tomel and Rollet, 504, 558, 596

Toulouse, 660

Tugan-Baranowsky, 71

Turati, 210

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U

Unemployment, 361

United States, statistics of, 226, 426, 430, 499, 514, 529, 633, 642

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V

Vagrancy and mendicity, 546 (see also “Crimes, classes of”)

Valentini, 50

Vengeance, crimes from, 625

Verhaeghe, 636

Vogt, 662

Voltaire, 620

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W

Waitz, 384

Wallace, 248, 387

Weiss, 60

Wieselgren, 619

Woltmann, 283

Woman, social position of, 216

Women, criminality of, 463

Wright, 193

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Y

Yvernès, 578