[Part III. discusses Babylonian Influence.]
Buddensieg, R.—Die Assyrischen Ausgrabungen und das Alte Testament. (Heilbronn 1880.)
Delitzsch, Friedrich.—Wo Lag das Paradies? Eine Biblisch-Assyriologische Studie. (Leipzig 1881.)
[See Francis Brown. OTS IV. 1-12.]
Evetts, B. A.—New Light on the Bible and the Holy Land. (London 1892.)
Gruppe, O.—Die Griechischen Kulte und Mythen in ihren Beziehungen zu den Orientalischen Religionen. (Leipzig 1887.)
Gunkel, H.—Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit. (Göttingen 1895.)
[A most important discussion of the relationship of the Biblical creation narratives to the Babylonian cosmology.]
Halévy, J.—Recherches Bibliques. (Paris 1896.)
Haupt, Paul.—Wo Lag das Paradies? Ueber Land und Meer, 1894-1895, No. 15.
[Also syllabus of lectures before the Gratz College of Philadelphia, Dec 10, 1895, on 'The Site of Paradise and the Nimrod Epic.']
Jastrow, Morris, Jr.—The Bible and the Assyrian Monuments. The Century Magazine, XLVII. 395-411.
[Translated into French by E. Lacordaire in Revue des Revues, 1894 227-235.]
---- The Original Character of the Hebrew Sabbath. AJT II. 312-352.
[Relationship between Hebrew and Babylonian Sabbath.]
---- Adam and Eve in Babylonian Literature.
[Announced.]
Jensen, P.—The Cult of Ashera and the Cult of Mary.
[Announced to appear in the Sunday School Times, 1898.]
Kessler, K.—Ueber Gnosis und Altbabylonische Religion. 5th ICO, II. Part I. 288-305.
Kellner, M. L.—The Deluge in the Izdubar Epic and the Old Testament.
[Reprinted from the Church Review, November, 1888.]
Lacouperie, T. de.—Origin from Babylonia and Elam of the Early Chinese Civilization. Series of articles in the BOR III-VIII.
[Also in book form under the title, 'Origin of Early Chinese Civilization and its Western Sources.' (London 1894.) Lacouperie's method is unsatisfactory. The theory, however, merits farther investigation.]
Lotz, W.—Quaestiones de Historia Sabbati. (Leipzig 1883.)
Lyon, D. G.—Assyrian Study: Its Bearing on the Old Testament. The Christian Register, 1885, Nos. 15, 16.
Menant, J.—Remarques sur un Cylindre du Musée Britannique. La Bible et les Cylindres Chaldéens. CR, 1879, 270-286.
[Discussion of a scene on a cylinder supposed to represent the first human pair and the serpent.]
Meyer, Ed.—Der Babylonische Einfluss auf Judenthum und Christenthum. BAZ, 1894, No. 344.
Oppert, J.—Origines Communes de la Chronologie Cosmogonique des Chaldéens el des Dates de la Genèse. APC, 6th series, XIII. 237-240.
Palmer, A. S.—Babylonian Influence on the Bible and Popular Beliefs. Têhôm and Tiâmat, Hades and Satan: a Comparative Study of Genesis, i., ii. (London 1897.)
Robiou, F.—L'État Religieux de la Grèce et de l'Orient au Siècle d'Alexandre ... II. Les Regions Syro-Babyloniens et l'Eran. (Paris 1896.)
[Unsatisfactory, and not based on independent researches.]
Sayce, A. H.—The Higher Criticism and the Verdict of the Monuments. (London 1894.)
[Suggestive, but unreliable. Full of inaccuracies.]
----Fresh Light from the Ancient Monuments. (2d ed. London 1886.)
Schleussner.—Die Bedeutung der Ausgrabungen in dem Euphrat und Tigris-Gebiet für das Alte Testament. (Wittenberg 1892.)
Schrader, E.—Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament. 3d ed. (Announced for 1898.)
[English translation of the 2d German ed., 'The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament.' London 1885-1889.]
Sillem, C. H. W.—Das Alte Testament im Lichte der Assyrischen Forschungen und ihrer Ergebnisse. (Hamburg 1877.)
Simpson, William.—The Tower of Babel and the Birs Nimroud. TSBA IX. 307-332.
Stucken, Edward.—Astralmythen der Hebraer, Babylonier und Aegypter. Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Parts I., II. (Leipzig 1896-1897.)
[Rather fanciful.]
Tallquist, K. L.—Altbabylonischer Aberglauben in den Abendländern. [In Norwegian]; Valvoja, Helsingfors, 1896, 498-520.
----Fornbabyloniska och hebräiska psalmer. Finisk Tidskrift, Mars 1892.
Tiele, C. P..—Die Assyriologie und ihre Ergebnisse für die Religionsgeschichte.
[German translation by Friederick. Leipzig 1878.]
Toy, C. H.—Esther as a Babylonian Goddess. The New World, VI. 130-145.
Vigouroux, F.—Le Bible et les Découvertes Modernes en Palestine, en Egypte et en Assyrie. 4 vols. (Paris 1884-1885.)
[Written from a Catholic standpoint, but comprehensive and accurate.]
Wahrmund.—Babylonierthum, Judenthum und Christentum. (Leipzig 1882.)
Ward, W. H.—Light on Scriptural Texts from Recent Discoveries, Hebrew and Babylonian Poetry. The Homiletic Review, 1895, 408.
Zehnpfund, R.—Einige zeitgemässe Bemerkungen über den Wert der Assyriologie für die alttestamentliche Litteraturkritik. (Ernste Allotria. Dessau 1896.)
Zimmern, H.—Die Assyriologie als Hülfswissenschaft für das Studium des Alten Testaments und des Klassischen Alterthums. (Königsberg 1889.)
---- Zur Frage nach dem Ursprung des Purimfestes. (Zeits. f. alttest. Wiss., XI. 157-169.)
Zschokke, Hermann.—Ueber die Wichtigkeit der Assyriologischen Forschungen, insbesondere für das Alttestamentliche Bibelstudium. (Vienna 1884.)
INDEX.
Â, or Malkatu,
her names and their explanation, 74;
position and relationship to Shamash, 74-5, 176, 685;
temples of  and Shamash in Larsa and Borsippa, 70, 241;
temple E-edinna in Sippar, 640.
Ab, 5th month, sacred to Nin-gish-zida, 462, 547;
"the mission of Ishtar," 564;
festival of Ishtar, 685.
Abram and Abraham, followers of,
in fight with Babylon, 2;
cult of Father Abraham, 562.
Abu-Habba, excavations, 10;
see also Sippar;
temple records and legal documents, 165.
Abu-Shahrein=Eridu.
Abydenus, source for B. A. religion, 1, 5.
Achaemenian inscriptions, 16.
Ad, Arabic tribe, 496.
Adad=Ramman, 157;
solar deity of Syria, 156.
Adam, parallelism betw. A. and Eabani, 511;
parallelism betw. A. and Adapa, 552.
Adapa Legend, a nature myth, 548, 644 ff.;
found on El-Amarna tablets, 544;
Adapa, son of Ea, 545;
A. fighting the south wind, 545 ff.;
seconded by Tammuz and Gish-zida, 548-9;
identified with Marduk, 548;
Adapa myth compared with 3d chapter of Genesis, 551.
Adar, 12th month, sacred to the Seven Evil Spirits, 463;
15th day, sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685;
compared with Purim, 636.
Adar, 2d (intercalated), sacred to Ashur, 463.
Addu, equivalent of Ramman, 156.
Adón, Phoenician equivalent for Tammuz;
see Tammuz.
Adra-Khasis, epithet of Parnapishtim, 505.
Aelian, historian, mentions Gilgamesh, 469, 524.
Agade, ancient center, 35, 245;
rulers, 36;
temple E-ul-mash of Nanâ, 82;
temple of Anunit-Ishtar, 117, 242;
zikkurat E-an-dadia, 639.
Agriculture, A. and calendar, 462.
Agum, see Agumkakrimi.
Agumkakrimi, king of Babylon, recovers the statues of Marduk and Sarpanitum, 122, 152, 670, 687;
cult of Shamash, 144;
cult of Shukamuna, 162;
institutes special festival for Marduk and Sarpanitum, 687.
Ahasverus, the wandering Jew, =Parnapishtim, 515.
Ai-ibur-shabû, name of street in Babylon, 679.
Airu, 2d month, sacred to Ea, 462, 677;
12th day of A., sacred to Gula, 683;
installation of king Ashurbanabal, 684;
sacred in Assyria, 684;
10th day of A., sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.
A-ishtu, a foreign god, 644.
Akitu, see Zag-muk; festival, 679.
Akkad, see also Sumer and Akkad;
=Babylonia, 176, 532.
Akkadian=Sumerian.
Alala,
deity, 417;
in incantations, 417;
in Allatu's court, 593;
consort of Belili, 589;
connection with Alallu, 589.
Alallu, a bird;
relations to Ishtar, 482, 589;
connection with deity Alala, 589.
Alamu, phase of Nergal, 280.
Alexander Polyhistor, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 5, 413.
Alexander the Great, probably contemporary of Berosus, 1;
A. and Gilgamos, 469, 516.
Alexandria, gnostic center, 699.
Allatu, goddess, 1st Bab. period, originally associated with Bel, 104;
associated with Nin-azu, 586, 590;
associated with Nergal, 104, 183, 565, 580, 583, 593;
goddess of subterranean cave, 104, 282, 511, 565, 580;
in incantations, 282;
=Nin-ki-gal, 282, cf. 584;
Namtar, her messenger, 570, 580, 587, 592;
Bêlit-seri, her scribe, 587;
pictured as a lion, 580;
Allatu's court, 587, 592;
authoress of evil and disease, 593;
called Eresh-kigal, 584 (cf. 282);
vanquished by Nergal, 584-5;
imitation of Tiâmat-Marduk episode, 585;
correlated to Ishtar, goddess of fertility, 587;
explanation of name, 587.
All-Souls' Day, see under Tammuz and Dead, 599, 605, 682.
Altar, description of, 651;
the "horns" of the altar compared with those of Hebrew and Phoenician altars, 652.
Alu-usharshid, king of Kish, 54.
Amalgamation of divinities, cause, features, and results, 74-5, 94-5.
Amanus, district famous for its wood, 627.
Amiand, his attempt at a genealogical arrangement of Old Bab. pantheon, 108.
Am-na-na, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.
Amraphel=Hammurabi, 534.
Amulets, see Talisman, Teraphim, 672, 674.
Anatum, goddess, consort of Anu, 153.
Animism, starting-point of religious belief, 48;
survivals of, 180 ff., 457;
popular rather than theological, 187.
Anshar, god, in the cosmology, 197, 410, 417;
=Ashur, 197, 414-5;
A. and Kishar created, 197, 410;
builds Esharra, 198;
A. and Kishar intermediate betw. the monsters and the gods in cosmology, 414, 416;
Anshar and Kishar in the creation epic and their meaning, 418;
conquers Tiâmat (one version), 422.
Anshar-gal, cosmological deity, 417.
Antar, Arabian romance of A., 494.
Antares, observations of, 372.
Antioch, gnostic center, 699.
Antiochus Soter, cult of Marduk and Nabu, 650.
Anu, god, 51;
relationship to Ishtar, 84-5;
Dêr, city of Anu, 88, 155, 162;
god of heavenly expanse, 89, 147, 207, 432;
abstract conception, 89;
priest of Anu, 90;
Anu as term for 'lofty,' 90;
member of the great triad, 107, 152, 155, 207, 677;
in Lugalraggisi's pantheon, 110;
artificial character in Hammurabi's pantheon, 152;
position in Agum's pantheon, 152;
dwells in Uruk, 153;
Anatum, his consort, 153;
in Ass. pantheon, 153-5, 201, 207;
associated with Ramman, 154, 207, 212;
associated with Dagan, 154, 209;
disappears after Sargon, 155;
in religious texts, 156;
in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162;
father of Anunnaki and Igigi, 186, 207, 593;
fighting Tiâmat, 197;
temple in Lagash, 53, 640;
temple at Ashur, 207;
succeeded by Ashur, 207;
associated with Ishtar, 207;
blesses handiwork, 208, 237;
associated with Bel and Belit, 226-7;
Anu and Ishtar, names of the west gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
associated with Nusku, 277, 286;
made god of heavenly expanse, 432;
"Way of Anu"=ecliptic of sun, 457;
pole star of the ecliptic, 460;
Nisan, sacred to A. and Bel, 462, 677;
Tebet, sacred to A., Papsukal, and Ishtar, 463;
2d Ululu, sacred to Anu and Bel, 463;
in the Adapa myth, 546 ff.
Anunit, goddess, 51;
a variant of Ishtar, 82, 85, 242;
in proper names of 2d Bab. period, 169;
worshipped at Agade, 117, 242;
shrine in E-babbara at Sippar, 646.
Anunnaki, explanation of name, 184;
number of, and its explanation, 185;
spirits of earth, 185, 593;
gods in whose service the A. are, 186;
their character, 186;
associated with Igigi, 186, 593;
altar of A. and Igigi, 186;
shining chiefs of Eridu, 186;
ruled by Ishtar, 204 (cf. 502);
Anu, their chief, 186, 207, 593;
Bel, king of all the A., 222;
associated with the great triad, 236;
created by Marduk, 447;
offspring of Anu, 593;
A. and Mammitum determine death and life, 493;
in the deluge story, 500, 502 (cf. 204);
in Allatu's court, 593.
Apollodorus, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 5.
Apotheosis, see Deification.
Apsu, the deep, personified ocean, 411, 443, 489, 580;
synonymous with Tiâmat, 411;
male principle, 411;
dominion of A. and Tiâmat precedes that of the gods, 412;
gods, product of the union of A. and Tiâmat, 413;
mythical monsters, product of the union of A. and Tiâmat, 414;
basin, a sacred object and symbol, 653; comparison with the "sea" in Solomon's temple, 653.
Arabia, metals and stone exported, 627.
Arabians invade Mesopotamia, 34, 39.
Arakh-shamnu, 8th month, sacred to Marduk, 463, 678, 686;
15th day, sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.
Aralû, the nether-world, 489, 557;
called E-kur or mountain house, 558;
distinction betw. Aralû, the mountain (= earth), and Aralû, the district of the dead proper, 558;
names and epithets of A., 563, 592;
pictorial representation of, 579 ff.;
pantheon of, 582 ff.
Arbela, temple of Ishtar, 202-3, 205, 651;
meaning of name, 203;
theological center, 342, 651.
Archaeological religious monuments, 14.
Architecture, reed and clay materials for building, 495-6;
see Temple.
Ardi-Ea, ferryman of Parnapishtim, 491;
takes Gilgamesh to the fountain of life, 509.
Ark, see Ship.
Ark of the covenant compared with the Babylonian ship for the gods, 655.
Armenia, legend of Rustem parallel to Etana legend, 520 ff.;
exports precious stones, 627.
Arts, patron gods, 177-8.
Aruru, goddess, creates mankind, together with Marduk, 448, 474;
creates Eabani, 448, 474;
= Ishtar, 448-9;
creates Gilgamesh, 473-4.
Ashera compared with tree worship in Babylonia, 689.
Ashur, capital of Assyria, 42, 193, 651;
modern name Kalah-Shergat, 198;
temple to Ashur, 198, 651;
temple to Ishtar, 205;
temple to Anu, 207;
temple to Shamash, 209;
temple to Bel, 225;
temple to Ea, 230;
intellectual center, 651.
Ashur, god, consort of Belit, 150, 226, 668;
rivaled by Ramman, 161;
in Ass. pantheon, 189;
head of Ass. pantheon, 191, 200;
his unique position, 191-2, 215;
local deity, 193;
symbol, 194, 632;
interpretation of symbol, 195-6, 685;
general character of Ashur, 195;
etymology of name, 196;
Anshar another form of A., 197, 414;
god of battle, 195, 199, 201;
chief of pantheon and epithets, 200-2;
king of the Igigi, 200;
associated with Ninib, 214;
his temples few, 215;
associated with Ninib and Nergal, 216, 218;
associated with Marduk, 224;
associated with the great triad, 236;
name of inner wall of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
permits the king to grow old and protects the troop, 237;
superiority to Marduk, 239;
god of oracles, 344;
Bel Tarbasi or lord of the court, 345;
2d Adar, sacred to A., 463;
Ululu, sacred to A., 463, 685.
Ashurbanabal, library, 13;
patron of science and art, 43, 229;
rule, 44;
recaptures Nanâ's statue, 85, 206;
gives prominence to Nabu cult, 129;
celebrates festival in honor of Gula, 218, 683;
embellishes temple of Nergal at Tarbisu, 219;
his pantheon, 238;
sacrifices in Babylonia, 664;
restores temple E-kur at Nippur, 645;
Shamash cult in Sippar, 646;
Ishtar cult in Uruk, 648.
Ashuretililani, king of Assyria, improves Nabu's temple at Calah, 229.
Ashurnasirbal, king of Assyria, 205;
gives prominence to Ninib cult, 214;
Calah, his capital, 215;
builds sanctuaries to Ishtar, Sin, Gula, Ea, Ramman, 215;
as a hunter, 216;
builds sanctuary to Gula, 218;
builds sanctuary to Sin at Calah, 219;
his pantheon, 237;
gives prominence to Ishtar cult, 325.
Ashur-rish-ishi, king of Assyria, 149, 204, 213.
Assyria, military superiority, 2;
history by Herodotus, 3;
art and antiquities, 7;
character of country and culture, 30-1;
character of people, 31;
comparison with Babylonia, 31;
architecture, 42;
history, 41-4;
conquest of, 44;
sun worship, 78;
Assyrian Ishtar cult as distinguished from Bab., 83, 85;
Ass. Nabu cult as against Bab. Marduk cult, 128;
religious beliefs more popular than Bab., 153;
influence upon Bab. culture and religion, 179;
pantheon, 188;
divisions of Ass. pantheon, 188-9;
comparison of Ass. and Bab. pantheons, 189, 201;
attacked by Cassites, 199;
A. god of oracles, 344;
continuity of Ass. and Bab. religion owing to Ass. worship of Bab. deities, 642;
Airu, sacred month in Ass., 684.
Assyrians, see Assyria.
Astrology, lunar worship influenced by A., 219-20;
bar to monotheistic development, 319;
observation of the planets, 370;
questions put to the astrologer, 369.
Astronomy, factor in spreading lunar worship, 220, 245;
mixture of astronomy and astrology in the observation of eclipses, 357;
in the observation of the planets, 370;
forms part of cosmology, 454;
the determination of the laws under which the stars stood, 457;
composite character of A. science, 460;
divisions of, 460-1;
moon and sun in, 461.
Azag-sir, minor deity in Ass. pantheon, 234.