Babylon, founded, 2;
supremacy, 2;
capture of, 4, 45;
ancient center, 35;
capital of Babylonia, 39, 116;
Marduk, deity of, 54, 117-8, 531;
E-sagila, temple of Marduk, 121, 241, 639;
temple of Shamash, 242, 640;
temple of Sin, 242;
temple of Nin-makh, 242, 640;
temple of Nin-khar-sag, 242;
temple of Gula, 242, 638;
attacked by Dibbarra, 531;
zikkurat at Bab., 619, 639;
temple to Nin-lil-anna (242), 640;
religious center of the country, 649-50.

Babylonia, conceptions of netherworld, 2;
notices in rabbinical literature, 3;
extent, 26;
character of country, 30;
character of people, 31;
character of culture, 34;
Babylonian states and their history, 35 ff.;
dynasties of, 39-41, 44-5, 489;
united under Hammurabi, 116;
Bab. and Ass. Ishtar cult, 83, 85;
Bab. and Ass. Marduk cult, 128;
Bab. beliefs less popular than Ass., 153;
periods of Bab. religion, 162;
gods common to all three periods of Bab. religion, 163;
Bab. culture and beliefs influenced by Assyria, 179;
comparison of Bab. and Ass. pantheons, 189, 201;
country of Bel, 222;
under Ass. rule, 223;
source of Ass. culture, 222;
independent of Assyria, 239;
political and religious centers, 245;
replaces Nippur, 542;
sanctuary of Nabu, 640;
sacrificial acts in Bab. and their meaning, 664;
Nisan, the sacred month in Bab., 684;
continuity of Bab. and Ass. belief owing to Ass.
worship of Bab. gods, 642.

Babylonians, see also Babylonia;
subjects of Bel, 222;
humanity of Bel, 222.

Babylonian-Assyrian religion, 1;
phases of, 46-7;
age of essentials of religion, 114;
gods of the B.-A. pantheon, 189;
continuity of B.-A. religion, 642;
see Assyria and Babylonia.

Bahrein, exports wood, 627.

Ba-kad, in the Cassite pantheon, 162, 172.

Balasi, astrologer, 340.

Balawat, explorations, 9;
portals of palace at B., 627.

Bar, offspring of Ishtar declines to fight Zu, 541.

Bashtum, goddess in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

Battles of Yahwe, recalls Dibbarra epic, 534.

Bau, goddess, 51;
her attributes, 59-60, 90, 678;
temple in Uruazagga, 59, 103;
Zag-muk, her festival, 59, 677;
consort of Nin-girsu, 59, 677;
identification with Gula, 60;
her sphere, 60;
daughter of Anu, 59-60;
mother of Ea and water-deity, 61;
common features with Ga-sig(?)-dug, 61;
Bau not Hebr. bohu, 60;
her sons (Amiaud), 103;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106;
in incantations, 273;
Bau's ship, 655.

Ba'u-ukin = Dungi (Winckler), 65.

Baz, city in Babylonia, temple of Bel-sarbi, 242, 639.

Bel, see also Marduk and Bel-Marduk;
god, temple of, 4;
temple at Nippur, 11, 37, 69, 51, 54, 151, 642, 644;
position in the Babylonian theology, 52;
oldest spelling and meaning of name, 52;
temple in Lagash, 53;
growth of his cult, 53;
blending with Marduk, 54, 145, 146, 148, 222;
phases of cult, 55;
associations and relations with Ea, 62;
associated with Allat, 104;
in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110;
subordination to Marduk, 118;
transfers his name to Marduk, 140, 222, 439, 635;
god of earth par excellence, 140, 147, 432, 440, 497;
creator of mankind, 141, 441;
in the deluge story, 142, 497, 502, 504;
Bel and the triad, 107, 145-9, 207, 677;
Bel in Hammurabi's pantheon, 145-6, 162;
in Cassite period, 146;
temple at Dur-Kurigalzu, 146;
in the Assyrian pantheon, 146-7, 225-6;
in the neo-Bab. pantheon, 147;
epithets, 146, 222, 225, 227, 274;
relationship to the other members of the triad, 147, 226;
Bel (and Belit) decree fates, 150, 153, 538;
Dagan = Bel, 151, 154, 209, 225;
relationship to Zakar, 172;
lord of Annunaki and Igigi, 186;
husband of Ishtar, 205;
confused with Dagan, 151, 154, 209;
Ninib, first-born of Bel, 217;
Sin, first-born of Bel, 219, 462;
Nusku, messenger of, 221;
temple at Ashur, 225;
dwells in E-khar-sag-kurkura, 225;
associated with Anu and Belit, 226-8;
consort of Ishtar, 205;
of Belit, 226;
B. and Belit, names of the northern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
lays foundations, 237 (cf. Ninib);
associated with fire-god, 279, 286;
Bel made lord of the earth by Marduk, 432;
in the zodiacal system in conjunction with Nibir and Ea marks the three divisions of the year, 434-5;
identified with north polar-star, 435, 460;
Nisan, sacred to Anu and B., 462, 677;
2nd Elul, sacred to Anu and B., 463;
Bel in 11th tablet of Gilgamesh epic, 496;
rivalry with Ea, 497, 507 ff.;
god of Dur-an-ki, 539;
on seal cylinders, 540;
robbed of tablets of fate by Zu, 540;
temple E-U-gal, 640;
figurines of Bel, 674;
Zagmuk, festival of, 678.

Bêl-epush, Babylonian prince, votive object, 671.

Bel-Marduk, see Bel and Marduk.

Belili, deity, 417;
in incantations, 417;
sister of Tammuz, 575, 588;
in Allatu's court, 588, 593;
consort of Alallu, 589.

Belit, goddess, 51;
place of cult, 55, 635;
titles and their meanings, 55-6, 227;
sanctuaries, 56;
in Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110;
consort of En-lil, 111, 150, 151;
consort of Ashur, 150, 226, 668;
uses of "Belit," 151;
Bel and Belit decree the fate, 150, 153;
relationship to Zakar, 172;
associated with Anu and Bel, 226-8;
confusion in Ass. pantheon, 226-7;
consort of Bel, 226;
consort of Ea, 226-7, 231, 237;
= Ishtar, 226-7;
= Sarpanitum, wife of Bel-Marduk, 226, 684;
E-mash-mash, her temple at Nineveh, 227;
B. and Bel, names of the northern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
brings fertility, 237;
temple at Babylon (see Nin-khar-sag), 242;
= Nin-lil, 635;
figurines of, 674.

Belit of Akkad = Belit, 162, 176.

Belit-ekalli, in the Cassite pantheon, 162;
consort of Ninib, l73;
= Gula, 173, 176;
meaning, 173.

Belit-ilâni, consort of Ea, 226, 231, 237;
B. and Ea, names of southern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
increases offspring, 237.

Belit mati = Belit of the land = Ishtar, 151, 206, 215;
perhaps=Belit, 227.

Belit-seri, scribe of Allatu, 587.

Bel-sarbi,
god, his temple at Daz, 242, 639;
perhaps=Nergal, 242.

Bel-zir, a layman, offers a votive object, 671.

Berosus, source B.-A. religion, 1, 4, 412.

Birs Nimrud, explored, 9.

Bit-Khabban, town in Babylonia; its patron gods, 176.

Bit-Khabban, district of Babylonia, sacred to Sin, 163.

Blood, sanctity of, 661.

Boaz, name of column in Solomon's temple, 624.

Borsippa,
explorations, 9;
temple of Nabu, 121, 229, 241, 639;
its situation, 124, 125;
beloved city of Marduk, 126;
temple of Ramman, 242;
3 sanctuaries of Gula, 242, 636 (E-ul-la), 641;
zikkurat at B., 617, 619, 639;
E-makhtila shrine in E-zida to Nabu at Borsippa, 307, 606, 636.

Botta, P. E., excavations, 6.

Buddhism, doctrine of annihilation, 556-7.

Bulala, a foreign god, 644.

Bunene,
in Nabubaliddin's pantheon, 162;
in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169, 176;
associated with Shamash and Malik, 176.

Bunene and Malik,
attendants of Shamash, 177;
consort of Malik, 177;
associated with Shamash and Malkatu, 685.

Burial, see Dead.

Bur-Sin, repairs zikkurat and builds shrine in Nippur, 645.

Calah,
capital of Assyria, 42, 193, 651;
temple of Nabu, 128, 228;
temple of Belit mâti, 151;
temple of Ninib, 214;
capital of Ashur-nasirbal, 215;
sanctuary of Sin, 219;
intellectual center, 651;
worship of Ninib, 215, 684;
palace of Sargon II., 687.

Calendar,
fixed by Marduk, 434;
importance of moon for c., 436, 461;
agriculture and c., 462;
growth and character, 465;
adopted by Hebrews, 464, 681.

Cappadocian wedge writings, 20.

Cassites,
dynasty, 40-1, 480;
cult of Bel of Nippur, 146, 645;
cult of Shamash, 144, 646;
cult of Ramman, 158;
cult of Shukamuna, 152, 162;
cult of Nin-dim-su, Bakad, Pap-u, Belit-ekalli, Shumalia, 162, 172;
attack upon Assyria, 199.

Chaldaean Wisdom, 362, 384, 403.

Chaos,
attempts at picturing c., 411, 419;
gods contemporaneous with the primeval c., 413.

Christianity, influenced by Ass.-Bab. religion, 698.

Claudius Ptolemaeus' astronomy, 5.

Commercial literature in syllabaries, 135.

Cosmology, 247, 407 ff.;
the Tiâmat episode, 140;
two or more versions of creation, 141-2, 407-8;
literary-religious character of, 247;
rise and development of cosmological speculations, 249;
distinction between popular and scholastic c., 249-50, 442-3;
distinction as to contents and form, 250;
historical kernel, 250;
c. deities antecedent to the known gods of the B.-A. pantheon, 417;
not creatio ex nihilo, but evolution of chaos to order, the keynote of c, 418, 442;
similarities with Biblical account, 409, 433, 435, 451;
creation of heaven, 435, 443;
of sun, 435;
of moon, 436;
of earth, 443;
of mankind, 443;
second version, its similarities with and dissimilarities from the first version, 444 ff.;
the gods of Nippur, Erech, Eridu, the original creators of the universe, Marduk a later introduction, 449-50;
the mountain Mashu and the cosmological conceptions, 489;
see Creation epic.

Court of the World, name of temple, 641.

Creation epic,
purpose of, 409;
similarity with the Biblical account, 409, 433;
literary form, 409 ff.;
a nature myth, 432-3;
representation of sun, 461;
see Cosmology.

Ctesias, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 4.

Cult and worship, cf. Festivals and Rituals;
organization, 115, 133, 234;
gods in cult and in invocations, 238;
revival of old c. in Neo-Bab. period, 242-3;
tree-worship, 688-9;
compounded of popular belief and theology, 689.

Cuneiform, see Wedge writing.

Cuthah, ancient center, 35;
= Tell-Ibrahim, 65;
cult and temple Nergal (see Laz), 65, 164, 218, 563, 583, 648, 667;
a designation for the nether-world, 563, 570;
synonymous with netherworld, 583.

Cuthaeans, 532.

Cyrus, captures Babylon, 4, 45;
adopts Babylonian religion, 45, 650.

Dagan, god, 51;
confusion with Bel, 151, 154, 209, 225;
associated with Anu, 154, 209;
chiefly in Assyria, 208;
comparison with Dagon, 208;
probably Aramaic origin, 208;
god of earth, 209.

Damascius (or Damascenus), see Nicolas of Damascus.

Damascus, in Syria, cult of Ramman, 159.

Damkina,
consort of Ea, 64, 143, 231;
meaning of name, 143;
relationship to Ea and Marduk, 143;
in magical texts, 143;
Ea and Damkina grant long life, 153;
title Belit-ilâni, 231;
occasionally invoked in incantations, 276.

Damku,
god, associated with Sharru-ilu and Sha-nit(?)-ka, 232;
meaning of name, 232;
evidently a title, 232;
perhaps foreign deity, 232;
worshipped at Magganubba, 232.

Damu and Damu-gal, epithets of Gula, 166, 175.

Daniel, book of;
bearing upon B.-A. religion, 2, 3;
Daniel and Bab. religion, 3 (cf. 668);
illustrative of Babylonian dream lore, 403;
authentic description of dedication of statue, 669.

Dead,
universal, 556;
location and names of the gathering place of the dead, 557 ff. (cf. Netherworld);
All-Souls' Day, 599, 605, 682;
under the special protection of the gods, 183, 558, 552, 592;
furnish oracles to the living, 559, 560, 582, 657;
deification of dead, 561, 582;
condition of dead, 563 ff.;
purified, 578, 602;
can hear lamentations, 575, 577;
cannot be brought back from Aralû, 576, 582;
suffer hunger, 598-9;
tombs and burial, 595 ff.

Death and burial, life after death, 512, 514, 556 ff.;
cave burial, 557;
pyramid burial, 557.

Deborah, song of, among the "Battles of Yahwe," 534.

Deification (Parnapishtim and Etana), 470, 527;
of dead, 561, 582;
of Gudea and Dungi, 167, 470, 561;
of Gimil-Sin, 561;
of Gilgamesh, 282, 284, 470, 561.

Delila, parallelism with Ishtar, 516.

Delitzsch, Friedrich, Sumerian question, 22; see Preface.

della Valle, Pietro, traveler, 15.

Deluge, in Gilgamesh epic and O. T., 495;
place of origin of deluge, 498;
embodying two distinct traditions, 502, 506;
points of contact with Biblical narrative, 506 ff.;
antiquity of the tradition, 508.