Isin, ancient center, 35;
kings, 37;
Isin dynasty as "builders" of temple of Nanâ in Ur, 81.
Iskenderun, bay of, 122.
Iyar, see Airu.
Izdubar = Gilgamesh.
Jezreel plain, cult of Ramman, 159.
Job, book of, unsatisfactory ending like 12th tablet of Gilgamesh epic, 513.
Josephus, historical references to B.-A., 5.
Judith, book of, bearing upon B.-A. religion, 3.
Jupiter = Marduk, name of planet, 370, 434, 458-9, 676-7;
see Marduk.
Kaaba, at Mecca, 624.
Kabru, epithet for Aralû, 563.
Kadashman-Turgu, Cassite king, votive tablet, 671.
Kadi, in Ass. pantheon, 188;
Elamitic god, 232;
worshipped in Dur-ilu, 232;
minor god, 234.
Kadishtu, general designation of Ishtar priestess, 660.
Kalah-Shergat, excavations, 10;
site of city of Ashur, 198.
Kallat-Eshara, epithet of Gula, 173.
Kanishurra, a foreign god, 644.
Kara-indash, king of Babylon, restores Shamash temple at Larsa, 144
Kar-nuna-ta-uddua, ship of Ningirsu, 654;
meaning of name, 654.
Karun, one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506.
Katnu, a foreign god, 644.
Kercha, one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506.
Khadir = Parnapishtim, 515.
Khani, tribe hostile to Babylon, 152.
Khani, god, in Ass. pantheon, 188;
a form of Nebo, 188;
minor god, 234;
a foreign deity, 644.
Kharimâti, sacred harlots of Uruk, 475, 531, 660.
Kharsag(-gal)-kurkura, "the (great) mountain of the earth," 558;
native place of the gods, 558, 614;
= Ekur, 558.
Khashur, mountain destroyed by Ishum, 533.
Khasis-Adra, see Adra-khasis, 505.
Khi-gir-nun-na, son of Bau, 103.
Khi-khi, mountain attacked by Ishum, 533.
Khiraitum, a foreign deity, 644.
Khi-shaga, a son of Bau, 103.
Khorsabad, unearthed, 6, 8;
capital of Assyria, 193;
sanctuary of Sin, 219;
palace of Sargon, 225;
names of its gates and walls, 237;
sanctuary of Nin-Gal, 231;
zikkurat at K., 617.
Khumbaba attacks Uruk, 480;
conquered by Gilgamesh, 514.
Khusha, god of the 2nd Bab. period, 168.
Kidin-Marduk, father of Parnapishtim, 488, 496.
Kidmuru temple of Ishtar in Nineveh, 202.
Kigallu, a designation of the netherworld, 562.
Kilili, a foreign deity, 644.
Kingship, differentiation of kingly and priestly functions late, 374;
traces of direct relationship betw. gods and king, 374-5.
Kingu, consort of Tiâmat, 420;
symbol of chaos, 538;
deprived of the tablets of fate by Marduk, 428.
Kinunira, city on the Euphrates (?), sanctuary of Dumuzi-zu-aba, 96.
Kish, city in Babylonia, 54;
temple of Zamama, 169;
temple of Ninni, 639.
Kishar, god, K. and Anshar created, 197, 410;
K. and Anshar intermediate betw. the monsters and the gods in creation, 414, 416-7;
creation of theologians, 416;
Anshar and Kishar in the creation epic and their meaning, 418.
Kishar-gal, cosmological deity, 417.
Kishshat, a foreign god, 644.
Kislev, 9th month, sacred to Nergal, 463.
Kizrêti, Ukhâti, and Kharimâti, the harlots of Uruk, 475, 531, 660.
Koyunjik, mound, unearthed, 7, 9.
Ku(?)-anna, 51;
place of worship, 102;
functions, 102;
consort of Ramman (?), 102.
Kudur-mabuk, 2d dynasty of Ur, "builder" of temple of Sin in Ur, 76, 295;
of temple of Nanâ in Ur, 81.
Kumari, city in Babylonia, temple of Ramman, 242.
Kurigalzu, Cassite, king of Babylon, cult of Bel of Nippur, 147, 645.
Kutu, see Cuthah.
Lagamal, a foreign god, 644.
Lagash, governors, 36;
temple of Anu, 53, 640;
temple of Belit, 56;
temple of Bau, 635;
quarters of, 56-7;
temple of Ningirsu-Ninib, 57, 87, 635, 640;
center of worship of Ninni, 80;
ancient center, 35, 245;
temple of Dumu-zi-zu-aba, 96;
Dumuzi, temple of Ninmar, 635;
temple of Nin-gish-zida, 99, 635;
temple of Ninâ, 635;
temple of Ku(?)-an-na, 152;
temple of Gimil-Sin, 561;
shrine of Nin-girsu, 640;
zikkurat of Nin-girsu, 619, 635, 639;
temple of E-salgisa, 641;
temple of Nin-si-a, 635;
temple of Shabra, 635;
temple of Nin-sun, 635;
temple of Nin-tu, 635;
votive objects, 673.
Lakhamu, L. and Lakhmu cosmological, 197, 410, 417;
a monster, 414, 418;
in incantations, 417;
in Allatu's court, 593.
Larsa, ancient center, 35;
rulers, 37-8;
dynasty, 39;
center of worship of Shamash, 69, 143-4, 241, 628, 640, 646;
zikkurats at L., 617, 639.
Lasimu, a foreign god, 644.
Layard, Austen Henry, excavations, 7.
Laz, consort of Nergal, 219, 243;
not mentioned in Ass. texts, 219;
not mentioned in religious texts, 583.
Lebanon, cedar forests, 626.
Legal literature, see also Literature;
source for study of religion, 166;
religious character of, 245.
Libations, 664, 666;
in Old Testament and in A.-B., 665.
Libit-Ishtar, 2d dynasty of Ur, builds temple of Nanâ in Ur, 81.
Life of the World, name of temple, 641.
Light of Shamash, name of temple, 641.
Lists of gods, 213, 216;
character of, 233;
prepared on the basis of religious texts, 233.
Literature, Ashurbanabal's library, 132;
syllabaries, 135;
religious l., 12, 13, 213, 216, 233, 245, 247, 690-1;
temple records, 165;
legal documents, 165-6;
connection betw. religion and literature, 245, 691;
historical texts, 246;
uncertain demarcation betw. religious and secular l., 247;
epics, see Gilgamesh, Eabani, Adapa;
compound of popular belief and of theology, 689.
Local cults, origin of, 49;
confusion with nature cult, 49-50;
growth of, 49;
policy of preservation of local cults by foreign conquerors, 69-70, 106, 111;
confusion of (female) local cults, 80;
prominence given to local gods as compared with others, 111;
local cult features and general cult features compared, 110;
survival of local cults, 113;
factors obscuring local cults, 113-5;
political factors, 113;
popular factors, 114;
theological factors, 114;
absorption, 114, 168, 171;
number of, 170, 234, 274;
in lists, 233;
of the Ass. pantheon, 234;
importance diminishes, 235.
Loftus, William K., excavations, 9.
Lofty and Brilliant Wall, name of temple, 641.
Lot, bears more resemblance to Parnapishtim than Noah, 507.
Lugal-banda, god, 51;
temple at Uruk, 95;
local character, 95;
identification with Nergal, 95;
signification of name, 95.
Lugal-edinna, epithet of Nergal, 172, 280.
Lugal-erima (?), god, 51;
his local character, 97;
interpretation of name, 97.
Lugal-gira, epithet of Nergal, 172, 280.
Lugal-ki-mu-na, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.
Lugal-Marada, god, temple at Marad, 242;
a solar deity, 473;
patron of Gilgamesh, identical with Shamash, 486.
Lugal-mit-tu, in Samsu-iluna's pantheon, 162;
wall of L., 172;
meaning of name, 172.
Lugal-zaggisi, old Babylonian king of Uruk, 101;
his pantheon and its age, 110, 636;
gods common to Lugal-zaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110;
priest of Anu, 110.
Lulubite, name of people, 532.
Lunar cycle and sun calendar, 78.
Ma-an-ish-tu-su, servitor of Â, 74.
Magarida, a foreign god, 644.
Magganubba, city in n.-e. Assyria, sanctuary of Sin, 219;
restored by Sargon II., 232;
cult of Damku, Sharru-ilu, Sha-nit(?)-ka, 232.
Magical texts, subdivision of religious literature, 247;
practical purposes, 246, 255;
beginning of rituals, 247, 253-4, 269;
number of, 247;
comparative age of, 253, 256;
primitive popular thought, 254, 292;
method of composition, 254;
titles of, 254-5;
incantation rituals and their growth, 255, 283 ff.;
Ea and Eridu prominent in, 256;
compiled character, 256-7;
date of composition, 257;
bilingual redaction, 258;
metrical traits, 259;
source of study of popular beliefs, 259;
occurrence of Gibil evidence of ancient age of, 277;
pantheon in m. t. compared with that in historical texts, 297.
Mahmal, tabernacle, compared with the Bab. ship for the gods, 655.
Makhir, god of dreams, 323, 402.
Ma-ku-a, name of Marduk's ship, 655.
Malik, god, in Nabubaliddin's pantheon, 162, 176;
associated with Shamash and Bunene, 176;
in proper names of the time of Hammurabi, 176;
often used as epithet of Shamash, 176;
meaning of name, 176;
Malik and Bunene, attendants of Shamash, 177;
consort of Bunene, 177.
Malkatu = Â.
Malku, name of canal, 655;
name of Naru's ship, 655.
Ma-ma, variant for Gula, 105.
Mammitu, goddess; M. and Anunnaki determine death and life, 493.
Mamu, a form of Gula in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.
Mandacan, legend of Rustem parallel to Etana legend, 520 ff.
Mar, district in southern Babylonia, sacred to Nin-Mar, 100;
temple Ish-gu-tur of Nin-Mar, 100.
Marad, city in Babylonia, temple of Lugal-Marada, 242;
native place of Gilgamesh, 473.
Marcheshwan, see Arakh-shamnu.
Marduk, 2d Bab. period, deity of Babylon, 54, 96;
child par excellence of Ea, 96, 548;
prominence of his cult since Hammurabi, 116, 134-5, 690-1;
his titles, 118, 126, 239, 240, 276, 500, 576, 630;
identification with Bel and Ea, 118;
solar deity, 118, 119, 528, 576, 690;
his warlike traits, 119;
in religious texts, 120;
temples in Babylon (E-Sagila) and Borsippa, 121, 241, 636, 639;
his papakhu, 640;
his consort, 121-4, 228;
statue brought from Nineveh to E-Sagila, 684;
his statue recovered by Agum, 122, 152, 670, 687;
lord of E-Sagila and E-Zida, 126;
New Year's Day his festival, 127, 631, 678, 681;
mediator betw. Ea and mankind, 139, 276;
Marduk and Ea in incantation texts, 139-40;
conquers Tiâmat, 140, 197, 408, 422;
rivaled by Ramman, 158;
during the Cassite period, 162;
called Sag-ila, 169;
lord of Anunnaki and Igigi, 186, 239;
absorbs the rôle of other gods, 190, 409;
builds Eshara, 198;
blended with Bel, 54, 145-6, 148, 222, 542;
Bel's titles applied to, 222, 409, 542, 635;
position in the Assyrian pantheon, 224-5, 239;
associated with Ashur, 224;
associated with Ashur, Shamash, and Ramman, 224;
second to Ashur, 239;
prominence of his cult in the neo-B. period, 239-40;
rivaled by Nabu in the pantheon of Nebopolassar, 240, 679;
also in old Bab period, 648;
in incantations, 272-3, 276;
in the Shurpu series, 288;
in hymns, 307 ff.;
lord of rest, 309;
god of oracles, esp. in the south, 342, 345;
zodiacal interpretation, 370, 434, 458-9, 676-7;
his double aspect in the creation epic, 409, 432, 450;
takes the tablets of fate from Kingu, 428 (cf. 542, 681);
creates the universe, 428 ff., 447;
establishes the districts of Anu, Bel, and Ea, 432;
arranges the stations of the gods in the zodiacal system, 434;
creates man, 437 (cf. Ea, Bel, 443, 448);
the fifty names (of the Igigi) are bestowed upon M., 438;
creates the Anunnaki, 447;
= Nibir, i.e., Jupiter, exercises control over all the stars, 434, 458-9;
8th month sacred to M., 463, 678, 686;
Marduk as Sharru in the deluge story, 500;
absent in the deluge story, 508;
dogs symbol of the solar god Marduk, 528;
conquers Zu, 542;
identified with Adapa, 548;
temple at Ashur, 637;
zikkurat at Babylon, 639;
ship of Marduk, 655;
procession on New Year, 679;
spec. festival instituted by Agum, 687.
Marduk-baladan, of Babylon, 129.
Marduk-nadin-akhe, king of Babylon, carried statues of Ramman and Shala to Babylon, 212.
Marriage offerings, time of, 59;
to Bau, 59.
Mars = Nergal, name of planet, 370, 459;
the "sheep" par excellence, 459.
Marwa, hill in Mecca, 687.
Mashu, mythical mountain, 488-9;
= Musas or Masis, 516.
Masis, or Musas, = Mashu, 515.
Mecca, 623.
Medes, 44-5.
Median wedge writing, 19.
Meme, variant of Gula, 175.
Mer = Ramman, 157.
Mercury = Nabu, planet, 371, 459.
Mesopotamia, religious ideas and customs, 1, 3;
seat of Terahites, 2;
empire of Nimrod, 2;
geography, 26, 27;
character of, 28 ff.
Messiah, Hammurabi and the Hebr.-Christian notion of Messianic time, 533.
Mili-shikhu, king of Babylon, his cult of Shamash, 144;
minor gods worshipped, 172.
Minor gods, 2d Bab. period, 171-2;
by Mili-shikhu, 172;
some Cassite deities, 172;
in Ass. texts, 171;
in neo-B. period, 171, 242-3;
absorbed by greater gods, 111, 147, 171, 177, 190, 233;
patron-gods of arts, 178;
as personifications, 179;
dividing line betw. spirits and m. g., 183, 233.
Mishiru, a foreign deity, 644.
Mitanni wedge writings, 20.
Months, connected with gods, 462 ff., 676;
names of the months, 464;
m. sacred to gods and their festivals not always corresponding, 687.
Monumental finds, 7.
Moon, importance of m. as omen giver, 358;
manifold relations between man and m., 358;
importance of m. for calendar, 436, 461;
moon and sun in religion and astronomy, 461.
Moon-god, see Sin.