A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges

used with instrumental abl., 1300;

with acc. or abl., 1422-1425, 1415;

substs. combined by, 1426-1428;

repetition of, with two or more substs., 1429;

omission of, with a second subst., 1430;

two. with one subst., 1431, 1432;

position of, 1433-1437;

in oaths, 1437;

verbs compounded with, cases after, 1137, 1138, 1188-1191, 1194-1199, 1209;

with infin. as obj., 2205;

with gerundive construction or gerund in acc., 2252, 2253;

in abl., 2267;

with subst. and partic., 2285, 2286;

for special uses of different preps., see Index of Latin Words.

Present stems,

used as roots, 190-194, 855;

roots used as, 738-743, 828, 844.

Present system,

of verbs, formation of, 828-853.

Present tense,

indicative formation of, 828-840;

-īt, -āt, -ēt, 132;

-ōr, 132;

dat. of possessor with, 1216, 1478, 2181;

uses of, in simple sentence, 1587-1593, 1601;

of pres. action, 1587;

of customary or repeated action, or general truth, 1588;

of past action, still continued, 1589;

of vivid narration, 1590, 1639;

the annalistic, 1591;

of verbs of hearing, seeing, saying, 1592;

in quotations, 1592;

of fut. action, 1593, 2026;

in letters, 1601;

sequence of, 1717, 1740-1746, 1749-1753, 2322-2324, 2326-2329;

in subordinate sentence, rel. time, 1733-1735;

independent, 1738;

with cum, 1860-1862, 1866, 1867, 1869, 1871;

with quoniam, 1883;

with antequam, priusquam, 1915, 1918;

with postquam, ubī̆, ut, &c., 1926, 1927, 1930, 1932;

with dum, dōnec, quoad, quamdiū, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009;

in conditional prot., 2023, 2026-2033, 2065-2068, 2074;

in conditional apod., 2023, 2026, 2034, 2042, 2048, 2052, 2059, 2078.

Subjunctive, formation of, 841-843;

-īt, -āt, -ēt, 132;

-ār, 132;

in wishes, 1541, 1542;

in exhortations, prohibitions, &c., 1548, 1550, 1551;

of action conceivable, 1556;

of repeated action, 1730;

primary, 1762;

referring to fut. time, 1743, 1749;

following perf. definite, 1754;

following secondary in rel., causal, and concessive sentences, 1756;

following secondary in consecutive sentences, 1757;

following secondary in indirect question, 1760;

following secondary in ind. disc., 2328;

in sequence with adjacent verb, 1761;

of action non-occurrent, in pres. sequence, 1763;

in sequence with perf. infin., 1768;

with antequam, priusquam, 1912, 1915, 1919;

with ut purpose, 1962;

with dum, dōnec, quoad, 2003, 2005, 2007;

with modo, 2003;

in conditional prot., 2023, 2070, 2072, 2076-2083, 2090, 2093, 2096;

in conditional apod., 2023, 2033, 2039, 2046, 2057, 2064, 2070, 2076, 2084, 2090;

with quasi, tamquam sī, &c., 2119;

in ind. disc. representing a fut., 2324.

Infinitive, see Infinitive.

Participle, see Participles.

Preventing,

see Hindering.

Priapean, 2674.

Price,

gen. of, 1271;

abl. of, 1388-1392.

Primary tenses, 1717, 1762.

Primitive,

defined, 198;

substs., 204-245, see Substantives;

adjs., 280-297, 305, see Adjectives;

verbs, theme in, 738-741;

inflection of, 743-791;

formation of pres. stem of, 828-838;

list of, 922-986, see Verbs.

Principal cases, 1111, 1112.

Principal parts,

of the verb, 733-735;

classification of verbs according to, 920-1022, see Verbs.

Privation,

see Separation.

Proceleusmatic, 2521.

Proclitics, 92.

Prohibitions,

expressed by subjv., 1547-1551;

expressed by imper., 1581-1586;

expressed by fut., 1624;

perf. infin. with volō, nōlō in, 2224.

Promise,

expressed by fut., 1619;

implication of, in fut. perf., 1629.

Promising,

verbs of, with acc. and infin., 2186;

with pres. infin., 2186, 2221, 2236.

Pronominal,

see Pronouns.

Pronoun,

questions, 1526-1530;

questions, indirect, 1785.

Pronouns,

defined, 9;

as proclitics, 92;

inflection of, 644-694;

personal, 644-651;

reflexive, 644-651;

possess., 652-655;

demonstrative, 656-670;

determinative, 656-659, 671-675;

of identity, 656-659, 676-678;

intensive, 656-659, 679, 680;

rel., interrogative, indef. 656-659, 681-694;

interrogative, adj. and subst. forms of, 683-685;

indef., adj. and subst. forms of, 686;

reduplicated, 650;

correlative, 695, 1831;

advs. from, 696-698, 701, 702, 704-710.

Agreement of, 1093-1098, 1801-1811, see Agreement;

adj., equivalent to gen., 1098, 1234, 1262;

used in neut. acc. with verbal expressions, 1144;

as connectives, 2129-2132;

use of, in ind. disc., 2325, 2338-2342;

use of, 2335-2403;

use of personal, 2335;

use of reflexive, 2336-2345;

use of possess., 2346;

use of hīc, 2347-2355;

use of iste, 2356, 2357;

use of ille, 2358-2364;

use of is, 2365-2370;

use of īdem, 2371-2373;

use of ipse, 2374-2384;

use of uter, quis, 2385, 2386;

use of rel., 1792-1837;

use of indef. quis, quī, 2388, 2389;

use of aliquis, 2390, 2391;

use of quīdam, 2392, 2393;

use of quisque, 2394-2398;

use of uterque, 2399, 2400;

use of quīvīs, quīlibet, utervīs, uterlibet, 2401;

use of quisquam, ūllus, 2402;

use of nēmō, nihil, nūllus, neuter, 2403;

place of reciprocal taken by inter nōs, &c., invicem, &c., 2344, 2345;

see Relative, &c., quī, &c.

Pronunciation,

of names of characters of alphabet, 16, 31-72;

of vowels, 33, 37-42;

of diphthongs, 47, 49;

of consonants, 53-72;

change of sound of vowels, 103-145;

of diphthongs, 95-101;

of consonants, 146-174;

rules of vowel quantity, 34-36, 2429-2472, see Quantity;

division of syllables, 175;

long and short syllables, 177, 178;

of es, est in combination with other words, 747;

see also Accent, Substitution, Development, Disappearance, Assimilation, Dissimilation, Interchange, Lengthening, Shortening, Weakening, Hiatus, Contraction, Elision.

Proper,

names, defined, 5;

of -o- decl., form and accent of voc. and gen. sing. of, 87, 456-459;

with accent on final syllable, 88;

plur. of, 416, 1105;

ending in, -āius, -ēius, -ōius, declensional forms of, 458;

with attribute attached, 1044;

see Greek.

Proportionals, 2423.

Propriety,

verbal expressions of, in indic., 1495-1497;

subjv. coordinated with verbal expressions of, 1709;

verbal expressions of, in conditional periods, 2074, 2101;

expressed by subjv., 1547-1552;

expressed by gerundive construction, 2243, 2248.

Prosody, 2429-2739;

see Quantity, Figures of prosody, Versification.

Protasis,

defined, 1061;

fut. perf. in, coincident in time with fut. perf. in apod., 1627;

concessive, 2116;

see Conditional, Relative, Conjunctive.

Protest,

introduced by sentence with quod, 1842.

Protestations,

subjv. in, 1542;

fut. in, 1622;

ita . . . ut, 1542, 1622, 1937.

Protraction, 2516.

Proviso,

introduced by ut, nē . . . ita, 1964;

by dum, 2003;

by modo, 2003.

Punishment,

see Penalty.

Purpose,

dat. of, 1223-1225;

clauses, tense of, after perf. definite, 1754;

rel. sentences of, 1817;

expressed by quod, id, 1840;

sentences of, with priusquam, 1919;

sentences of, with ut, nē, &c., 1947-1964;

sentences of, with quō, 1974;

sentences of, with adv. quī, 1976;

sentences of, with dum, dōnec, &c., 2005-2009;

infin. of, 2164, 2165;

expressed by acc. of gerundive construction, 2250;

expressed by dat. of gerundive construction, 2256;

expressed by gerundive construction or gerund with causā, 2164, 2258, 2270;

expressed by gen. of gerundive construction alone, 2263;

expressed by gen. of gerund alone, 2263;

expressed by acc. of gerundive construction or gerund with ad, 2164, 2270;

denoted by supine, 1166, 2270;

expressed by partic., 2295;

use of reflexive pron. in subjv. clauses of, 2341, 2342.

Pyrrhic, 2522.

Pythiambic strophe,

in Horace, 2722, 2723.

Q

Qualitative,

vowel changes, 136-143;

gradation, 145.

Quality,

subst. suffixes denoting, 246-264;

adj. suffixes denoting, 281-297;

gen. of, 1239, 1240;

abl. of, 1375.

Quantitative,

vowel gradation, 135;

verse, 2548;

theory of the Saturnian, 2551.

Quantity,

of diphthongs, 47, 125;

how denoted in inscriptions, 24, 29;

how denoted in books, 30, 2514;

common, definition and sign of, 30, 2514;

pronunciation of long and short vowels, 33, 38-40;

change in quantity of vowels and preservation of long quantity, 123-133;

long and short syllables, 177;

of syllable containing vowel before mute or f followed by l or r, 178;

general principles of vowel quantity, 35-36;

vowel before another vowel or h, 35;

diphthong before a vowel, 125;

compounds of prae, 125;

gen. in āī, 127, 7;

length of e in diē̆ī, rē̆ī, fidē̆ī, ē̆ī, 127, 4; 601, 602;

the endings -āī, -āīs, -ōī, -ōīs, -ēī, -ēīs, 127, 7;

gen. in -īus, -ius, 127, 6; 618, 656, 657, 694;

vowel before nf, ns, cons. i, gn, 122;

as determining accent, 86-88;

-īt in perf., 857;

ī, i, in perf. subj. 877, 878;

ī, i, in fut. perf., 883, 884;

rules of, in classical Latin, 2429-2463;

monosyllables, 2430-2433;

penults, 2434-2436;

final syllables ending in vowel, 2437-2446;

final syllables ending in single cons. not s, 2447-2450;

final syllables ending in s, 2451-2457;

position, 2458;

hidden, 2459-2463;

some peculiarities of, in old Latin, 2464-2469;

law of Iambic shortening, 2470-2472;

in versification, 2514-2518.

Quaternārius,

iambic, 2617-2620;

trochaic, 2643;

anapaestic, 2687.

Questioning,

verbs of, with two accusatives, 1169-1171;

with acc. and prepositional phrase, 1170;

with indirect question, 1774.

Questions,

indic. in, 1499;

commoner in Latin than in English, 1500;

two, short (quid est, quid vērō, &c.) leading to longer, 1500;

kinds of, 1501.

Yes or No questions, 1501-1525;

confounded with exclamations and declarations, 1502;

without interrogative particle, 1502;

with nōn, 1502;

with -ne, -n, 1503-1505;

with nōnne, 1503, 1506;

with nōnne . . . nōn . . . nōn, 1506;

with num, 1503, 1507;

with numne, 1507;

an, anne, ān nōn in single, 1503, 1508;

with ecquis, ecquō, ecquandō, ēn umquam, 1509;

with satin, satin ut, 1510;

how answered, 1511-1514.

Alternative, history of, 1515-1517;

without interrogative particle, 1518;

with utrum, -ne, -n, and an, anne, an nōn, 1519;

with necne, 1520;

with several alternatives, 1521;

with utrum, and -ne and an, 1522;

with utrumne . . . an, 1522;

with no alternative expressed, 1523;

how answered, 1525.

Pronoun questions, 1526-1530;

introduced by interrogative advs., 1526;

with ut, how, 1528;

with quisne, &c., 1529;

two or more with one verb, 1530.

Subjunctive questions, 1563-1570;

of appeal, 1563;

in alternative form, 1564;

asking whether action is conceivable, 1565;

in exclamative sentences, with no interrogative word or with -ne, 1566, 1567;

with utī, ut, 1568;

with utī, ut, and -ne, -n, 1569;

in subordinate sentence, 1731;

tense of, in subordinate sentence, 1753.

Indirect, defined, 1773;

subjv. in, 1773;

expressions introducing, 1774;

with verbs of fearing, 1774, 1959;