The mediaeval stage, volume 2 (of 2)

SUBJECT INDEX

[This index is almost wholly confined to the text, and only includes the principal passages dealing with each subject. I am sorry not to have been able to prepare a local or a nominal index. The want of the former may be in part met, so far as the miracle-plays are concerned, by the topographical list of representations in Appendix W.]

A l’entrada dal tens clar, i. 170.
Abbayes joyeuses, i. 375, 383.
Abbesses, mock, i. 361.
Abbot, of Bon-Accord, i. 173, ii. 333;
of Marham, i. 173, ii. 250;
of Misrule, i. 403;
of Unreason, i. 181, ii. 335.
Abraham and Isaac, plays of, ii. 130, 426.
Abrenuntiatio, i. 19, 97.
Absalon of Thomas Watson, ii. 195, 458.
Account-books, extracts from, on minstrelsy and plays, ii. 234, 240.
Acolastus, of Gnaphaeus, ii. 217;
of John Palsgrave, 459.
Actio, term for miracle-play, ii. 105.
Actors, a perplexity to Roman government, i. 3, 7;
punished for satire, 5;
private performances of, 7;
infamia of, 8, 12, 14, 16;
hostility of, to Christianity, 10;
become minstrels, 24;
in miracle-plays, regulations for, ii. 114;
payment of, 139;
professional, under Tudors, 186, 225;
the King’s, 187, 201;
economic status of, under Elizabeth, 225.
Actus, term for miracle-play, ii. 105.
Adam, ii. 70;
analysis of, 80;
vernacular mingled with Latin in, 89.
Adam le Boscu, minstrel in 1306, i. 47.
Adan de la Hale, plays of, i. 171, 381.
Adoptionist controversies, and Christmas, i. 240.
Adoratio Crucis, ii. 16.
Advent, i. 247;
liturgical drama in, ii. 62, 67.
Agricultural festivals. See Feasts, Village festivals.
Agriculture, begun by women, i. 106;
religion of, 106, 109.
Aguilaneuf, i. 254.
Alcuin, his dislike of minstrelsy, i. 32, 35.
Ales, i. 179.
Allegory in mediaeval drama, ii. 151.
Alleluia, funeral of, i. 186.
All Saints’ day, i. 247, 265.
All Souls’ day, i. 247, 265.
Altercatio Ecclesiae et Synagogae, ii. 64, 152.
Amour, Prince d’, at Middle Temple, i. 416.
Ancestors, cult of, at New Year, i. 264.
Andrew, St., his day, i. 232.
Andria of Terence, ii. 215, 456.
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, songs in, i. 31.
Anglo-Saxons, non-professional singers of, i. 64.
Animals, cult of, i. 131.
Animism, i. 103.
Anne, St., miracle-plays on her day, ii. 118, 127, 130.
Annunciation, dramatic ceremonies at, ii. 66.
Annunciation style, i. 246.
Antichristus, liturgical play of, ii. 62, 151.
Antiphonarium of Gregory the Great, ii. 7.
Antiphons, nature of, ii. 6.
Apfeln-Bischof, i. 369.
Apostles, feast of, at Beauvais, i. 287;
at Sens, 288.
Aquinas, on minstrels, i. 58.
Archipropheta of Grimald, ii. 451.
Armenians, on birthday of Christ, i. 239.
Armiger, title of minstrel, i. 50, ii. 139.
Aryan and pre-Aryan in folk-lore, i. 101.
Ascension, feast of, i. 114;
dialogued trope for, ii. 11;
dramatic ceremony at, 65;
miracle-play at, 129.
Asotus of Macropedius, ii. 217.
Ass, ears of, worn by ‘fools,’ i. 385;
liturgical drama, ii. 57.
See Palmesel.
Asses, feast of, i. 275, 282, 304, 305, 320, 330, 374, 377.
See Prose of Ass.
Atellanes, i. 2, 4.
Aubes, i. 78, 171.
Aucassin et Nicolete, i. 42, 45, 74.
Auctor of plays, i. 83.
Augustine, St., and theatre, i. 12, 17;
a character in miracle-plays, ii. 72, 77.
Ausonius, his Ludus Septem Sapientum, ii. 212.
Authorship of miracle-plays, ii. 144.
Autos Sacramentales, ii. 95, 105.
Baculus, feast of, i. 276, 279, 283, 289, 309, 319, 325, 345.
Balaam, episode of, in Prophetae, ii. 55, 72.
Baldwin, William, his plays, ii. 194, 200.
Bale, John, ii. 131, 144, 220, 222, 224, 446.
Ball, tossed at festivals, i. 128;
at Feast of Fools, 327;
struggle for, in games, meaning of, 149.
Ballad, in Elizabethan age, i. 69.
Ballationes, i. 161.
‘Banns’ of miracle-plays, ii. 114, 122, 140, 144.
Barbarian indifference to theatre, i. 19, 21.
Bards, classes of, i. 76.
‘Barring-out,’ i. 263.
Barritus of Germans, i. 26.
Bartholomew Fair, puppet-shows at, ii. 158.
Basoches, i. 375.
Bastaxi, i. 71.
Baston, Robert, his tragoediae, ii. 211.
Bathing at folk-festivals, i. 122.
Battle, mock, in folk-drama, i. 187, 210.
See also Débats.
Bauble of fool, i. 385.
Bean, king of, i. 260, 408.
‘Bearing the book,’ ii. 140.
Bearwards, i. 68, 72.
Beast-dances, i. 166.
Beast-mimicry, by minstrels, i. 71.
‘Beating the bounds,’ i. 120, 143.
Beauty and Good Properties of Women, ii. 455.
Beelzebub, in Plough Monday play, i. 209;
in St. George play, 214.
Befana, i. 268.
Bel, cult of, in Bohemia, i. 253.
Bells, in morris-dance, i. 200;
in sword-dance, 201.
Beltane, i. 111, 133, 138, 143.
Belus, cult of, in Europe, i. 112, 234.
Benedictbeuern manuscript, liturgical plays in, ii. 37, 39, 40, 72, 76.
Benedictio fontium, i. 124.
Beowulf i. 29;
sword-dance in, 191.
‘Bessy’ in sword-dance, i. 192, 194, 198, 206, 210.
‘Bezant’ procession, i. 119.
Bilingual religious plays, ii. 89, 108.
‘Bishops’ of Fools, i. 295, 326, 368.
See Feast of Fools, passim.
Black faces at folk-festivals, i. 125, 154, 199, 214.
Blood, importance of, in sacrifice, i. 132, 138.
Blôt-monath, i. 256.
Boar, sacrificial animal at New Year, i. 257.
Bon Accord, abbot of, i. 173, ii. 333.
Bordeors Ribauz, Des Deus, i. 67, 79, 85.
Bouffons, danse des, i. 191.
‘Box-holder’ in St. George play, i. 217.
Boy Bishop, sermons of, i. 356;
in schools and universities, 362;
disliked by Reformation, 366;
customs of, resemble Feast of Fools, 368;
in religious drama, ii. 72.
Boy Bishop, at Sens, i. 344;
at Rouen, 345;
at Bayeux, 345;
at Coutances, 346;
at Tours, 347;
at Toul, 347;
in France generally, 349;
at Noyon, 350;
in Spain, 350;
in Germany, 350;
at Salisbury, 352, ii. 282;
at Exeter, i. 354;
at St. Paul’s, 354;
at York, 356, ii. 287;
at Beverley, i. 357;
at Lincoln, 358;
vogue of, in England, 358;
at Westminster, 360;
at Durham, 360;
at Winchester, 361.
Boys, feast of. See Boy Bishop.
Braies, fête de, at Laon, i. 302;
roi de, 373.
Breri, a fabulator, i. 77.
Broom, in St. George play, i. 215.
Brothelyngham, order of, at Exeter, i. 383.
Brumalia, i. 234.
Buffons, les, name for morris-dance, i. 200.
Buffoons. See Fools, Minstrels.
Bufos, i. 63.
Bull-baiting, origin of, i. 141, 257.
Burial and Resurrection, ii. 129, 431.
‘Burial of Carnival,’ i. 186.
Burlesque of worship at Feast of Fools, i. 280, 286, 294, 296, 325, 381.
Cabham, Thomas de, his classification of minstrels, i. 59, ii. 262.
Cakes at festivals, i. 133, 142, 260.
Calendar, origins of, i. 110, 229, 232.
Calisto and Meliboea, ii. 455.
Candlemas, i. 114, 126, 163, 251.
Cantica, i. 161, 169.
Canticum triumphale, ii. 74.
Cantilenae, of folk and scôp, i. 26;
on heroes, 163, 167;
of sword-dance, 192.
Carnival, i. 114, 121;
‘burial’ of, 186.
Caroles, i. 164, 272.
‘Carping,’ of minstrels, i. 72.
Cartuaitheail, i. 129.
Castle of Perseverance, ii. 155, 437.
Catherine, St., her day, i. 247;
plays on legend of, ii. 64, 107, 133.
‘Catherning,’ i. 253.
Cawarden, Sir Thomas, i. 405.
Censorship of stage, ii. 225.
Cereal sacrifices, i. 133;
survival of in folk-festivals, 142, 260.
Ceri, procession of, at Gubbio, i. 119.
Cernunnos, i. 259.
Cervulus, i. 258, 330.
Chansons, of minstrels, i. 73;
de gestes, 74;
dramatic elements in, 77;
de carole, 164;
à danser, 171;
de mal-mariées, 171.
Chanteloup, Walter de, attacks folk-ludi, i. 91.
Chapel Royal, plays by, ii. 193, 202.
Charivari, i. 153, 379.
Charlemagne, and heroic song, i. 26;
a patron of minstrels, 36.
Charlot et le Barbier, of Rutebeuf, i. 79.
Charms, i. 121.
Chaucer, a typical trouvère, i. 64;
interludes based on, ii. 205.
Cheke, Henry, his Freewill, ii. 461.
‘Chekkar,’ minstrels of, at Scottish court, i. 50.
Chester Plays, ii. 407.
Chevauchées, i. 153, 379.
Children, inheritors of folk-customs, i. 152;
place of, in winter feasts, 263.
Chimney-sweeps, their connexion with May-day, i. 125.
Choir-boys, miracle-plays acted by, ii. 121.
Chori, in folk-dance and song, i. 27, 163.
Christianity, elements of, in folk-custom, i. 249.
Christmas, St. George play at, i. 226;
origin of, 238;
in Saxon England, 244;
New Year customs at, 246;
in mediaeval England, 390;
masques at, 391;
at universities, 407;
at inns of court, 413;
dialogued tropes for, ii. 8, 11, 41;
praesepe at, 42;
liturgical plays at, 41;
miracle-plays at, 70, 129.
Christmas-boxes, i. 271.
Christmas-flowering trees, i. 252.
Christmas lord. See Misrule, lord of.
‘Christmas,’ Old Father, in St. George play, i. 216.
Christmas Prince, at St. John’s College, Oxford, i. 408.
Christmas trees, i. 251.
Christopherson, John, his Jephthes, ii. 218.
Χριστὸς Πάσχων, ii. 206.
Christus Redivivus of Grimald, ii. 450.
Christus Triumphans of John Foxe, ii. 458.
Chrysostom, St., and theatre, i. 15;
and pantomimi at banquets, 24;
and Kalends, 244.
Churches, dances in, i. 163;
‘clipping’ of, 166;
miracle-plays in, ii. 79, 134;
interludes in, 191.
Churchyards, miracle-plays in, ii. 134.
Circular movement as sun-charm, i. 129.
Circumcision, feast of, i. 245, 330.
See New Year, Kalends, Feast of Fools.
Cithara, i. 73.
Classical plays, Renascence performances of, ii. 214.
‘Clemencing,’ i. 253.
Clement, St., his day, i. 247.
Clergy, their share in miracle-plays, ii. 117, 120.
Clerico et Puella, Interludium de, i. 86, ii. 181;
text of, ii. 324.
Clerks’ plays, ii. 104, 140, 202.
‘Clipping the church,’ i. 166.
Cockneys, king of, at Lincoln’s Inn, i. 414.
Cocks-comb, worn by fools, i. 385.
Columpnarium, ii. 213.
Comedy, on Roman stage, i. 2;
extinction of classical, ii. 207;
mediaeval sense of term, 209;
humanist revival of, 212;
in Tudor interlude, 215.
Compagnies des fous, i. 373.
See Sociétés joyeuses.
Complaint of Deor, i. 29.
Computi, extracts from, on minstrelsy and plays, ii. 234, 240.
Concordia Regularis, ii. 14, 306.
Conductus, i. 282.
Conduits, filled with wine, ii. 166;
pageants on, 173.
Conflict of Vice and Virtue, ii. 153.
Confrérie de la Passion, ii. 88.
Confréries, for Feast of Fools, i. 373.
Constance, council of, performance of Stella at, ii. 101.
Contes, i. 74.
Contrafazedor, i. 82.
Controversy, religious, in drama, ii. 217.
Conversion of England, i. 95.
Coquille, seigneur de la, i. 374.
Corbeil, Pierre de, and the Feast of Fools, i. 281, 287.
Cornards, i. 374, 384.
Coronations. See Entries.
Cornish plays, ii. 127, 433.
Corporations, their control of miracle-plays, ii. 114;
their expenses, 115;
plays sometimes produced by them, 118.
Corpus Christi, miracle-plays at, ii. 77, 94, 108, 112, 138, 160;
procession at, 138, 160, 329;
guilds of, 118.
Corraro, his Progne, ii. 212.
‘Cosmic’ dramas. See Cycles.
Costume, of minstrels, i. 44;
at folk-festivals, 185;
in St. George play, 219;
of fools, 384;
in miracle-plays, ii. 122, 141.
Court, the English, minstrels at, i. 47, ii. 234;
fools at, i. 386;
Christmas at, 390;
revels and disguisings at, 391;
lord of misrule at, 403;
master of revels at, 404;
miracle-plays at, 397, ii. 130, 184;
interludes at, 186, 192.
Courtois d’Arras, i. 79.
Courts of minstrelsy, i. 54.
Coventry, plays at, ii. 422.
See Ludus Coventriae.
Cradle of Security, ii. 189, 200.
Craft-guilds, miracle-plays maintained by, ii. 111, 113, 115;
levies on members of, 116;
appropriateness of plays to occupations of, 118, 131;
and Corpus Christi procession, 162.
Creation of the World of W. Jordan, ii. 435.
Creed Play, ii. 120, 130.
‘Creeping to the cross,’ ii. 17.
‘Crib’ at Christmas, i. 272, 333, ii. 42, 157.
Cromwell, and Protestant interludes, ii. 220.
Croxton Sacrament play, ii. 427.
Cucking-stool, i. 122.
Cuckoo, the herald of summer, i. 188.
Cues, ii. 144.
Cult, its permanence, i. 99.
Cycles of miracle-plays, formed by expansion and merging, ii. 72;
become ‘cosmic’ drama, 77;
spread over successive days or years, 86, 130;
popularity of in England, 113;
their subject-matter, 125, 321.
Cynewulf, a scôp, i. 31.
Dance, a form of play, i. 160;
attacked by Church, 161;
in churches, 162;
at folk-festivals, 163, 272;
in Middle Ages, 164;
processional and circular, 164;
dramatic tendency of, 188;
at Feast of Fools, 326;
in miracle-plays, ii. 141.
See Morris-dance, Sword-dance.
Dance of Death, ii. 153.
Dancers, in Rome, i. 6, 9;
as minstrels, 71.
Dancing sun, at Easter, i. 129.
Daniel, liturgical plays on, ii. 58, 60.
Danse des bouffons, i. 191.
Dati, his Hiempsal, ii. 212.
Daurel et Beton, i. 67.
Deacons, feast of, on St. Stephen’s day, i. 336.
Dead, feast of, i. 228, 247, 264.
Deasil, i. 123, 129, 165.
Death, Dance of, ii. 153.
Death, expulsion of, i. 183.
Death, mock, in sword-dance, i. 206;
in folk-plays, 210, 213, 219.
Débats, i. 79, 187;
and moralities, ii. 153;
acted as interludes, 201.
‘Decoration’ at New Year, i. 251.
Dedication of churches, wake on day of, i. 96, 114;
dramatic ceremony of, ii. 4.
Dee, John, play translated by, ii. 195.
Degollada, la, figure in sword-dance, i. 204.
Depositio Crucis, ii. 17.
Deposuit, feast of, i. 277, 306, 309, 325, 339, 345, 376.
Descensus Christi ad inferos, dramatic treatment of, ii. 73.
Destruction of Jerusalem, play on, ii. 132.
De Symbolo, pseudo-Augustinian sermon, ii. 52.
Devils, in miracle-plays, ii. 91, 148.
Devozioni, ii. 92.
Dialogues, in Anglo-Saxon literature, i. 80;
in minstrelsy, 77;
in liturgical tropes, ii. 8;
recited in schools, 212.
Dice, a temptation to minstrels, i. 48, 60;
played at mummings, 394.
Digby Plays, ii. 428.
Disguisings, i. 393, 400.
See Mummings, Masques, Drama, Interludes.
Disobedient Child, The, of Ingelend, ii. 214, 223, 456.
Disours, i. 75, 387.
Dit des Taboureurs, i. 63.
Dits, i. 74.
Doctor, in folk-drama, i. 185;
in sword-dances, 207;
in Plough Monday play, 210;
in St. George play, 213, 218, 226.
Doctors de trobar, i. 63.
Domestic feast at New Year, i. 262.
Domus of religious plays, ii. 79, 83, 136.
Donaueschingen, stage of Passion-play at, ii. 84.
Dout, i. 217.
‘Ducking’ at folk-festivals, i. 122;
at Feast of Fools, 298, 307, 313, 327.
Dumb-show, in folk-drama, i. 211.
Dracontius, his Orestes, ii. 209.
Dragon, in morris-dance, i. 196;
in St. George play, 212, 217, 226.
Drama, decay of, at Rome, i. 3;
elements of, in minstrelsy, 77;
developed from pastourelles, 171;
at English May-games, 177;
folk-element in, 182;
relation of, to dance, 188;
magical efficacy of, 192;
influence of schoolmaster on, 202;
at Feasts of Fools and Boy Bishop, 380;
element of, in liturgy, ii. 3;
process of secularization in, from thirteenth century, 69;
expansion of, 69;
brought outside the church, 79;
acted by lay guilds, 87;
vernacular introduced into, 88;
vogue of devils in, 91;
at feast of Corpus Christi, 95;
processional type of, 95;
liturgical survivals in, 96;
passes into interlude, 180;
mediaeval confusion as to nature of, 208;
controversial use of, at Reformation, 216.
See Actors, Comedy, Folk-drama, Interludes, Liturgical plays, Miracle-plays, Moralities, Tragedy, &c. &c.
Draw a Pail of Water, i. 124.
Droichis Part of the Play, assigned to Dunbar, ii. 454.
Druids, i. 251.
Dunbar, his banns for a May-game, ii. 454.
Durham Priory, extracts from accounts of, ii. 240.
Dwarf effigies, i. 353.
Earth-goddess, i. 105;
cult of, in India, 149, ii. 266;
swine sacrificed to, i. 257;
as ruler of dead, 264.
Easter, i. 114;
folk-customs at, 124, 126, 128, 150, 156, 157, 163, 165, &c.;
St. George play at, 226;
dialogued tropes for, ii. 9;
religious drama at, 15, 27, 73, 129.
See Quem quaeritis, Peregrini.
Easter sepulchre. See Sepulchre.
Ecerinis of Mussato, ii. 211.
Edward I, his Pentecost feast, minstrels at, i. 47, ii. 234.
Edward VI, his De Meretrice Babylonica, ii. 218, 222.
Eggs, at Easter, i. 128;
in Quem quaeritis, ii. 36.
‘Elegiac’ comedies and tragedies, ii. 212.
Elevatio Crucis, at Easter, ii. 17, 20.
Elisaeus, liturgical play of, ii. 60.
Eltham, mummings at, i. 395, 397.
Enfants-sans-Souci, i. 374, 382.
English, John, a player, ii. 187.
Enseignamens por Joglars, i. 67.
Entries, royal, pageants at, ii. 166, 174, 336;
elements from miracle-plays and moralities in, 172.
Eostre, i. 108.
‘Epic’ comedies and tragedies, ii. 212.
Epicharmus, his mimes, i. 2.
Epinette, roi de l’, i. 373.
Epiphany, early significance of, i. 239;
subordinated to Christmas, 244;
New Year customs at, 247, 260;
Feast of Fools at, 323;
religious drama at, ii. 44, 129.
See Stella.
Episcopus puerorum, or Nicholatensis, i. 369. See Boy Bishop.
Erasmus, his sermon for Boy Bishop, i. 356.
Erberie, Dit de l’, of Rutebeuf, i. 33, 85.
Erce, i. 108.
Ermulus, i. 258.
Esclaffardi, i. 290, 315, 323.
Esem Esquesem, in Plough Monday play, i. 210.
Estrifs, i. 81.
See Débats.
Ethelwold, St., author of Concordia Regularis, ii. 14, 307.
Ethnology, of Europe, i. 101;
in folk-custom, 270.
Étourdis, prévot des, i. 373.
Étrennes. See Strenae.
Evergreens, as representing fertilization spirit, i. 251.
Everyman, Summoning of, ii. 155, 217, 439.
Exemplum, term for religious play, ii. 104.
Exeter, order of Brothelyngham at, i. 383;
fourteenth-century theatre at, 383, ii. 190.
Expulsion of Death, i. 183.
Fabliaux, i. 43, 74.
‘Faddy’ dance at Helston, i. 119, 165.
Fall, the, introduced into religious drama, ii. 71, 77.
Family, feast of, at New Year, i. 262.
Farce, vogue of, at Rome, i. 2, 4;
played by minstrels, 83;
in fifteenth-century France, ii. 197;
in interludes, 202.
Farsura, i. 277.
Fasching in sword-dance, i. 192.
Fastnachtspiele, i. 382.
Fatui. See Fools.
‘Feasten’ cakes, i. 133, 142, 236, 260.
Feasts, of primitive Europe, i. 110;
village, customs of, 116;
play at, 146;
at beginning of winter, 228;
in mid-winter, 234;
between harvest and New Year, 247.
See Asses, Feast of; Fools, Feast of.
Ferrers, George, i. 405.
Fertilization spirit, in winter customs, i. 250.
Feuillée, Jeu de la, of Adan de la Hale, i. 381.
Fire, not taken from house at New Year, i. 217, 238, 269.
Fires at folk-festivals, i. 125, 255;
in pestilence, 127;
at Feast of Fools, 327.
‘First foot,’ i. 270.
Flagellants, and mediaeval drama in Italy, ii. 92.
Fleury, liturgical plays at, ii. 32, 37, 50, 59, 60, 61.
Flight into Egypt, representations of, i. 287, 333.
Floralia, a festival at Rome, i. 5.
Flower-dances, i. 166.
Flytings, i. 80.
Folk-drama, i. 182;
relation of, to sword-dance, 207, 218.
Folk-elements, in Feast of Fools, i. 298, 326;
in miracle-plays, ii. 91, 120, 147;
in royal entries, 172.
Folk-medicine, i. 117, 123.
Folk-song, of Teutons, i. 25;
adapted by minstrels, 78;
as source of débats, 80.
See Chansons, Song.
Food, an object of cult, i. 104;
left on table at New Year, 266.
‘Fool,’ meaning of term, i. 334;
in folk-custom, 142, 150, 192, 196, 208, 214;
costume of, 384, 387;
in household, 386;
at miracle-plays, ii. 141;
in interludes, 141.
See Buffoon, ‘Vice.’
Fool-literature, i. 382.
Fools, Feast of, i. 275;
condemned by Innocent III (1207), 279;
by council of Paris (1212), 279;
by Odo of Tusculum (1245);
described in thirteenth century, 290;
condemned by Gerson, 292;
by council of Basle (1435), 293;
by Pragmatic Sanction (1438), 293;
by Paris theologians (1445), 293;
later attacks on, 300;
customs of, 323;
possible eastern origin of, 327;
loose use of term, 337;
inherited by sociétés joyeuses, 373;
relation of, to liturgical drama, ii. 56;
at Paris, i. 276, 300;
at Sens, 279, 291, 297;
at Beauvais, 284, 300;
at St. Omer, 289, 305;
at Bayeux, 289;
at Autun, 289, 312;
at Nevers, 290;
at Romans, 290;
at Laon, 290, 303;
at Amiens, 290, 300;
at Troyes, 295;
at Noyon, 302;
at Soissons, 302;
at Senlis, 303;
at Rheims, 304;
at Châlons-sur-Marne, 305;
at Béthune, 305;
at Lille, 306;
at Tournai, 307;
at Chartres, 308;
at Tours, 309;
at Bourges, 309;
at Avallon, 309;
at Auxerre, 309;
at Besançon, 311;
at Dijon, 313;
at Châlons-sur-Saône, 314;
at Valence, 314;
at Vienne, 314;
at Viviers, 315;
at Arles, 317;
at Fréjus, 317;
at Aix, 317;
at Antibes, 317;
in Spain, 318;
at Mosburg, 319;
at Cologne, 320;
in Bohemia, 320;
at Lincoln, 321;
at Beverley, 322;
at St. Paul’s, 323;
at Salisbury, 323.
Fools, order of, i. 375, 382.
Football, at folk-festivals, i. 149.
Footing, payment of, i. 157.
‘Forced fire,’ i. 127.
Four Elements, Nature of, of John Rastell, ii. 200, 453.
Four Ps of Heywood, ii. 445.
Fous, prince des, i. 373.
Foxe, John, his Christus Triumphans, ii. 458.
Francis, St., his divine minstrelsy, i. 46;
and the praesepe, ii. 42.
Frazer, J. G., his theory of human sacrifice, i. 134.
Freewill of Henry Cheke, ii. 461.
French influence on English miracle-plays, ii. 108, 146.
Freyja, i. 96, 108.
Freyr, i. 98, 108, 118, 257.
Frîja, i. 108.
Funambuli, i. 70.
Functions of heathen gods transferred to saints, i. 98, 109.
‘Funeral of Alleluia,’ i. 186.
Future, curiosity of peasant as to, i. 271.
‘Gaderyng.’ See Quête.
Gaigizons, folk-custom of, at Autun, i. 313.
Galgacus, hero of folk-play, i. 211.
Games, festival origin of, i. 148.
Gammer Gurton’s Needle, ii. 195, 216, 457.
‘Gang-week,’ i. 120.
Garçon et l’Aveugle, Le, i. 86.
‘Geese-dancers,’ or disguisers, i. 402.
Gemeinwoche, i. 247.
Genesius, St., a converted mime, i. 10;
the patron of minstrels, 42.
Gentleness and Nobility, assigned to Heywood, ii. 446.
Geoffrey of St. Albans, his play on St. Catherine, ii. 64, 107.
Geola, i. 230.
‘George’ in churches, i. 224.
George, St., his day, i. 114;
in morris-dance, 197;
legend of, 138, 225;
ridings of, 118, 221;
miracle-plays on, 224, ii. 132.
George, St., or Mummers’ play, range of, i. 211, 220;
analysis of, 211;
characters of, 212;
relation to sword-dance, 207, 218;
symbolism of spring in, 218;
relation to Seven Champions, 220;
to St. George ridings, 221;
transferred from spring to mid-winter, 226;
text of, ii. 276.
Gerhoh von Reichersberg, ii. 64, 86, 98.
Germano-Kelts, their feasts, i. 228;
ignorance of solstices, 228;
influence of Rome upon, 232.
Gesta Grayorum, i. 417.
Gestator regis, i. 68.
Geta, ii. 207.
‘Giants’ in folk-festivals, i. 120, 139;
at royal entries, ii. 173.
Gladiators, suppressed, i. 20;
survival of, in minstrelsy, 72.
Glastonbury thorn, i. 252.
Gleeman (gleómon), name for scôp, i. 28, 30, 34;
survival of, after Conquest, 43, 75.
Gleewood, or harp, i. 29.
Gloriosi et famosi, ii. 54.
God, the concept of, i. 104.
Godiva procession at Coventry, i. 119, ii. 163.
God’s Promises of Bale, ii. 448.
‘Golden Mass,’ at Tournai, ii. 67, 318.
Goliardi, i. 60, 280, 327, ii. 8, 27, 37, 57, 72.
‘Gooding,’ i. 253.
Γοτθικόν, τό, at Byzantium, i. 273.
Grange, Prince de la, at Lincoln’s Inn, i. 415.
Green Knight, of Arthurian romance, i. 186.
Gregory the Great, his missionary policy, i. 95.
Grimald, Nicholas, his plays, ii. 194, 218, 450.
Grosseteste, Robert, his harper, i. 56;
against minstrels, 39;
against folk-ludi, 91;
against Feast of Fools, 321;
his name given to Christmas king, 411;
against miracle-plays, ii. 100.
Grotesques, as survivals of sacrifice, i. 142;
in sword-dance, 192;
in morris-dance, 196;
in St. George play, 214.
Gubbio, Ceri procession at, i. 119.
Guenever, her Maying, i. 179.
Guilds, of minstrels, i. 55, ii. 258;
for Feast of Fools, i. 373;
religious and miracle-plays, ii. 87, 118;
and secular plays, 198.
See Corpus Christi Guilds, Craft-guilds, Puys, Sociétés joyeuses.
Guiraut de Riquier, his Supplicatio, i. 63.
Guisers, i. 227, 402.
Gunpowder day, i. 115.
Guy Fawkes, his day, i. 248, 253, 255.
Gwyl, i. 231.
Gyst-ale, i. 179.
Hale, Adan de la, his jeux, i. 171, 381.
Halls, interludes in, ii. 188.
Hare, a divine animal, i. 131.
Harlots, the, a theatre at Constantinople, i. 16.
Harp, used by minstrels, i. 73.
Harrowing of Hell, an estrif, i. 80, 83, ii. 74.
Harrowing of Hell, in Easter drama, ii. 73.
Harvest festival, i. 111, 114.
Harvest field, sacrificial customs of, i. 158.
Harvest-lords, i. 143.
Harvest-May, i. 117, 250.
Hastiludia, i. 392.
‘Haxey hood,’ on Epiphany, i. 150.
Heads of sacrificed animals worn by worshippers, i. 132;
in folk-custom, 141, 258, 268, 327, 385, 391, &c.
Hearse, i. 277.
Heat-charms. See Sun-charms.
Heathenism, its survival in folk-custom, i. 94, ii. 290, &c.
Heaven-god, i. 105.
‘Heaving,’ at Easter, i. 157.
Hell, Harrowing of, in Easter drama, ii. 73.
Hell, representation of, in miracle-plays, ii. 86, 137, 142.
Heralds of summer, i. 110.
Hereward, Saxon lays of, i. 43, 76.
Herman, Guillaume, unedited play by, ii. 152.
Herod, drama of. See Stella.
Herod, how acted in miracle-plays, ii. 48, 57, 90, 139.
Herodas, his mimes, i. 2.
Herodias, i. 109.
Herodis Convivium, liturgical play of, ii. 61.
Heroic lays sung by minstrels, i. 62.
Herrad von Landsberg, on Feast of Fools, i. 318;
on miracle-plays, ii. 98.
Heywood, John, his interludes, ii. 196, 203, 443.
Hickscorner, ii. 200, 453.
Higden, Randulph, probable author of Chester Plays, ii. 145, 352.
Higgs, Griffin, his Christmas Prince, i. 408.
Hilarius, his liturgical plays, ii. 57, 107.
Hills, cults on, i. 107, 129.
Histrio, classical sense of, i. 6. See Minstrels.
Hiver et de l’Été, Débat de l’, i. 80, 187.
Hobby-horse, i. 142, 196, 214, 258.
Hockey, at folk-festivals, i. 149, 157.
Hocking, i. 155.
‘Hockney day’ at Hungerford, i. 156.
Hock-tide, i. 154, 187, ii. 264.
Hodie cantandus, a Christmas trope, ii. 8.
Hogmanay, i. 254.
Holly, as fertilization spirit, i. 251.
Holophernes, alleged play of, ii. 196.
Holophernes, his part in folk-drama, i. 202, 219, 221.
Holy Rood legend in miracle-plays, ii. 127.
Holy water, i. 124.
Holy wells, i. 122.
‘Honour,’ minstrels of, i. 54.
Hood of fools, i. 308, 384.
Hood, Robin, in May-game, i. 174;
origin of, 175;
plays on, 177;
in morris-dance, 195;
in St. George play, 216;
as lord of misrule, ii. 334.
‘Hooding,’ i. 253.
‘Horn-dance’ at Abbot’s Bromley, i. 166.
Horses, sacrificed by Teutons, i. 131;
let blood on St. Stephen’s day, 257.
Hortulanus scene in Quem quaeritis, ii. 31.
Household, minstrels in, i. 48;
fool in, 386;
players in, ii. 186.
House-spirits fed at New Year, i. 266.
How many Miles to Babylon, i. 152.
Howards, extracts from accounts of, ii. 255.
Hrotsvitha, plays of, ii. 207.
Humanist influence on drama, ii. 181, 206, 214.
Humanity, represented in moralities, ii. 155.
Human sacrifice, its meaning, i. 133;
abolition of, 136;
traces of, in folk-festivals, 143, 260, &c.
Hunt, Christmas, at Inner Temple, i. 415.
Hunters, religion of, i. 106.
‘Husbands’ of miracle-play, ii. 119.
Iiuleis, i. 230.
Images, origin of, i. 259.
Impatient Poverty, ii. 461.
Imperator, lord of misrule, i. 413.
Indian earth-goddess, her festival, i. 149, ii. 266.
Inductio Autumni, i. 91.
Inductio Maii, i. 91, 172.
Infanterie Dijonnaise, i. 373, 384.
Ingelend, Thomas, his Disobedient Child, ii. 214, 223, 457.
Innocent III, against Feast of Fools, i. 279, 337, ii. 99.
Innocents’ day, i. 247, 260, 344.
See Boy Bishop.
Inns, interludes in, ii. 189.
Inns of Court, revels at, i. 413;
interludes at, ii. 194.
Interlude, a form of disguising, i. 400;
origin and meaning of name, ii. 181;
chiefly applied to domestic plays, 183;
characteristics of, 188;
public performances of, 189;
by villagers, 192;
by inns of court, 194;
in universities, 194;
in schools, 195;
subject-matter of, 199;
controversial use of, 216;
state regulation of, 220, 225;
inheritance of Elizabethan stage from, 224.
Interludentes, ii. 186, 233.
Interludes, players of, ii. 179.
See Actors.
Interludium de Clerico et Puella, i. 86, ii. 181, 202;
text of, 324.
Interlusores, ii. 186, 233.
Introit, tropes to, ii. 8.
Ioculator Regis, i. 68.
Ioculatores, ii. 230.
See Minstrels.
Iron, not taken from house at New Year, i. 238, 269.
Isaac and Rebecca, liturgical play on, ii. 60.
Italy, special developments of mediaeval drama in, ii. 91.
Iubilus, ii. 7.
Ivy, as fertilization spirit, i. 251.
‘Jack i’ the green,’ i. 117.
Jack Juggler, ii. 457.
‘Jack o’ Lent,’ i. 186.
‘Jack Straw,’ at Lincoln’s Inn Christmas, i. 414.
Jape, i. 84.
Jerome, St., and theatre, i. 17, 25.
Jesters, i. 68, 386.
Jeu de la Feuillée, i. 381.
Jeu de Robin et Marion, i. 171.
Jeu du Pèlerin, i. 171.
Jeunesse, prince de la, i. 373.
Jevons, F. B., on human sacrifice, i. 135.
Jocs-partitz (jeux-partis), i. 78.
Joglars, i. 63.
John Baptist of Bale, ii. 448.
John Baptist, St., his day, i. 126, 241;
sacre rappresentazioni on, at Florence, ii. 94.
John Evangelist, St., his day, i. 247;
feast of priests on, 336.
‘John Jack,’ in St. George play, i. 215.
John, Tib, and Sir John of Heywood, ii. 445.
Jordan, W., his Creation of the World, ii. 435.
Jougleurs. See Minstrels.
Jugglers, i. 68, 71, ii. 231.
Julian Hospitator, St., patron of minstrels, i. 42.
Julian the Apostate, play of, ii. 132.
Julian, the Emperor, his dislike of the theatre, i. 10;
his cult of the Sun, 235.
Justinian, code of, theatrical legislation in, i. 14, 16.
Kalends, of January, the New Year feast of the Roman Empire, i. 237;
hostility of Church to, 244, ii. 290;
relation of, to Christmas, i. 246;
customs of, 250, 262, 266;
cervulus at, 258;
survival of, in Feast of Fools, 329.
Keltic minstrels, i. 76.
Kelts and Teutons, their common civilization, i. 100.
‘Kern-baby,’ i. 117.
King, why slain at festivals, i. 134.
‘King-ale,’ i. 179.
‘King-game,’ varying sense of, i. 173.
King John, of Bale, ii. 221, 449.
King of Egypt, in St. George play, i. 217.
Kings, mock, in folk-custom, i. 143, 260;
in singing games, 152, 165;
at May-games, 173;
at Saturnalia, 236;
at Feast of Fools, 326;
as Boy Bishops, 368;
of Sociétés joyeuses, 373;
as lords of misrule, 403.
See Rex.
Kirchmayer, his plays, ii. 217.
Kite, Bishop, as actor, ii. 193.
Kölbigk, dancers of, i. 162, 272.
Laberius, a mimograph, i. 4, 9.
Lâc, i. 160.
‘Lady’ at folk-festivals, i. 173.
Lais, i. 74.
‘Lamb-ale,’ i. 179.
Lammas-tide, i. 114.
Laneham, Robert, his account of Hock Tuesday, i. 154, ii. 264.
Langland, William, against minstrels, i. 41.
Langton, Stephen, unedited play by, ii. 152.
‘Largess,’ i. 158.
Larvae. See Masks.
Lath, sword of, worn by fool, i. 387.
Latin, known to minstrels, i. 60.
Laudesi, ii. 92.
Lazarus, liturgical plays on, ii. 58, 60.
Legends in miracle-plays, ii. 126.
Liberius, not founder of Christmas, i. 239.
Libertas Decembrica, i. 236.
Limoges, liturgical dramas at, ii. 44, 45, 53, 61.
‘Little Devil Dout,’ in St. George play, i. 215.
Liturgical drama, origin of, in tropes, ii. 7;
at Easter, 27;
at Christmas, 41;
later developments of, 57;
passes into miracle-play, 69;
in England, 107.
See Peregrini, Prophetae, Quem quaeritis, Stella.
Liturgy, dramatic element in, ii. 3.
Loca of religious plays, ii. 79, 83, 136.
Lord mayor’s show, ii. 165.
Lord of misrule. See Misrule, lord of.
Lord’s Prayer, plays of. See Paternoster plays.
Loschi, his Achilleis, ii. 212.
Love, as motif of folk-song, i. 169.
Love, of Heywood, ii. 444.
Lucas de Barre, blinded for minstrelsy, i. 46;
a trouvère, 64.
Lucrece, an interlude, ii. 458.
Ludi of folk, attacked by thirteenth-century bishops, i. 90;
their loose morals, 93;
their heathen origin, 94.
Ludi regis, i. 393.
Ludi theatrales, in churches, condemned, i. 342, ii. 100.
Ludus, meaning of term, i. 393, ii. 104.
Ludus Coventriae, ii. 124, 126, 145, 146, 152, 416.
Ludus de Rege et Regina, i. 91, 172.
Ludus Septem Sapientum of Ausonius, ii. 212.
Lugnassad, i. 111, 231.
Luke, St., his day, i. 247.
Lusor, meaning of term, ii. 185, 233.
Lusty Juventus of R. Wever, ii. 223, 460.
Lusus Troiae, i. 203.
Luther in interludes, ii. 219.
Lutheran drama, ii. 216.
Lydgate, his devices for mummings, i. 396;
claimed as author of miracle-plays, ii. 145;
his verses for Corpus Christi, 161.
Lyndsay, Sir David, his play, ii. 157, 441.
Macro manuscript of plays, ii. 155, 436.
Magdalen, St. Mary, in religious drama, ii. 32, 60, 75, 90, 131, 155.
Magdalen College, Oxford, extracts from accounts of, ii. 248.
Magi, drama of. See Stella.
Magic and religion, i. 102;
‘sympathetic’ and ‘mimetic,’ 121.
Magnificence of John Skelton, ii. 157, 441.
Magnus, plays of, ii. 207.
Maid Marian, relation of, to Robin Hood legend, i. 175;
in morris-dance, 195.
Maierolles, i. 168.
Maistre, title for minstrels, i. 47.
‘Making Christ’s bed,’ i. 187.
Mankind, ii. 155, 438.
Mannyng, Robert, of Brunne, against minstrels, i. 40;
against folk-ludi, 93;
against interludes, ii. 182.
Marescallus, title for minstrels, i. 50, ii. 239.
Margaret, St., in St. George ridings, i. 223.
Marham, ‘abbot’ of, at Shrewsbury, i. 173, 383, ii. 252.
Marienklagen, ii. 40.
Marion, and Robin, in pastourelles, i. 171.
Marionnettes, i. 71, ii. 158.
Mark, St., his day, i. 114.
Market place, miracle-plays in, ii. 135.
Marotte of fool, i. 385.
‘Marriage’ of fruit-trees, i. 250.
Marriage of heaven and earth, i. 105, 144, 187.
Marseilles, forbids mimes, i. 7.
Martin, St., his day, i. 230, 247, 256;
as gift-giver, 268.
Masks, in folk-processions, i. 258;
in Feast of Fools, 327;
sacrificial origin of, 391;
sale of, forbidden, 396.
Masques, at Christmas, i. 391;
development of mummings, 401;
origin of name, 402.
Mass, dramatic character of, ii. 3.
Matres, i. 231, 264.
Mattacino, i. 191.
Maundy Thursday, dramatic ceremony on, ii. 6.
Maxstoke Priory, extracts from accounts of, ii. 244.
May-brides, i. 144.
May-day, origin of, i. 114;
its customs, 116, 126, 140, 173, &c.;
songs of, 168.
May-game, early notices of, i. 173;
nature of, 176;
plays in, 177;
dances at, 178;
decay of, 179;
morris-dance in, 196.
May-garland, i. 117.
May-kings, i. 143.
May-poles, i. 117;
destroyed at Reformation, 180.
May-queens, i. 144.
Mayors, mock, i. 261.
Mead, i. 133.
Medwall, Henry, his plays, ii. 200, 443.
Mehlweib, in sword-dance, i. 192.
Mercator in Quem quaeritis, ii. 33, 75, 91.
Meriasek, St., play of, ii. 132, 435.
Messe à liesse, i. 304.
Methodius, dialogues of, ii. 206.
Michael III, his riots at Constantinople, i. 327.
Michaelmas, i. 114, 247.
Midsummer day, i. 114, 126;
‘watches’ on, 118, ii. 165.
Mimae play naked at Floralia, i. 5.
Mime, a type of farce, in Magna Graecia, i. 2;
in Roman world, 4.
Mimi, players in mimes, i. 6;
type of, preserved in minstrelsy, 24, 65, ii. 232;
their modes of entertainment, i. 70;
farces possibly played by, in Middle Ages, 83.
Mind, Will, and Understanding, ii. 155, 438.
Minni, i. 98, 133, 229, 267.
Minorites, taken for minstrels, i. 57.
Minot, Laurence, i. 76.
Minstrels, origin in Latin mimus and Teutonic scôp, i. 25, 33, 58;
disrepute with Saxon churchmen, 31;
with Frankish churchmen, 35;
with mediaeval church, 38;
their sense of their own infamia, 42;
their life in mediaeval England, 44;
its seamy side, 48;
in households, 48;
origin of name, 48;
their testimonials, 53;
legal restrictions on their movements, 54;
partial toleration of them by the church, 55;
classification of, by Thomas de Cabham, 59;
professional distinctions amongst, 62;
distinction between composer and executant appears amongst, 63;
many-sidedness of, 66;
decay of, at invention of printing, 68;
various modes of entertainment by, 70;
dramatic tendencies amongst, 77;
at miracle-plays, ii. 140;
become interlude-players, 186;
various names for, 230;
hierarchy of, 238;
guilds of, 258;
courts of, 259.
Miracle-plays, development of, from liturgical plays, ii. 79;
attitude of Church to, 97;
names for, 103;
early notices of, in England, 108;
wide range of, 109, 121;
disliked by Lollards and Reformers, 111;
revived under Mary, 112;
extinction of, 112;
organization of, 113;
processional type of, 133;
where played, 134;
pageants of, 136;
time of playing, 138;
dates for, 138;
style of acting in, 139;
properties of, 141;
books of, 143;
authorship of, 144;
interrelations of, 146;
folk-elements in, 147;
liturgical survivals in, 148;
later developments from, 149;
allegory in, 151;
given in halls, 184;
by travelling companies, 184;
relation of interludes to, 191, 205.
See Corpus Christi, Craft-guilds, Cycles, Guilds, Municipalities, Parish plays, &c.
Miracula. See Miracle-plays.
Misrule, lord of, at folk-festivals, i. 173, 260;
at English and Scottish courts, 403;
George Ferrers as, 405;
at universities, 407;
at inns of court, 413;
in private households, 418.
See also Abbot, Christmas Prince, Kings.
Missa Praesanctificatorum, ii. 17.
Missel des Fous at Sens, i. 279.
Mistletoe, as fertilization spirit, i. 251.
Mithraism, i. 235, 242.
Mock bishops. See Bishops of Fools, Boy Bishops.
Mock fights in folk-custom, i. 187.
Mock kings, mayors. See Kings, Mayors.
Modranicht, i. 231, 265.
Moors, in morris-dance, i. 199.
Moral licence of folk-festivals, i. 145.
Moralities, origins of, ii. 151;
themes of, 153;
mode of representing, 156;
in interlude form, 199;
list of extant, 436.
More, Sir Thomas, his love of plays, ii. 193.
Morris-dance, in England, i. 195;
relation to May-game, 179, 196;
in Europe, 198;
origin of name, 199;
identity of, with sword-dance, 200;
in St. George play, 219.
Mother-goddess, i. 105.
‘Motions,’ ii. 158.
Mummers, at modern Christmas, i. 227, 402.
Mummers’ play. See St. George play.
Mummings, nature and origin of, i. 393;
devices for, by Lydgate, 396;
pageants in, 397, 399;
development into masques, 401.
Mundus et Infans, ii. 155, 439.
Municipal minstrels, or waits, i. 51.
Municipal plays, origin of, in fourteenth century, ii. 109;
under control of corporation, 114;
maintenance of, 115. See Craft-guilds.
Music in minstrelsy, i. 73.
Mussato, his Ecerinis, ii. 211.
Mystères mimés, ii. 173.
Mystery-play, meaning of term, ii. 105.
Myth in folk-songs, i. 169.
Nakedness, of mimae at Floralia, i. 5;
at Feast of Fools, 327;
how represented in miracle-plays, ii. 142.
Narr, in sword-dance, i. 192.
Narrative literature of minstrels, i. 74.
Nativity. See Christmas.
Nature of Medwall, ii. 200, 443.
Nebuchadnezzar, episode of, in Prophetae, ii. 55.
‘Neck,’ at harvest, i. 117.
Necromantia, ii. 455.
‘Need-fire,’ i. 127.
Nehellenia, i. 109.
Neo-Latin drama, ii. 216.
Nero appears in theatre, i. 9.
Nerthus, i. 108, 118, 122.
Neumae, ii. 7.
‘New’ fire, i. 229.
‘New’ water, at New Year, i. 255.
New Year, at beginning of winter, i. 228;
on January Kalends, 237;
at Christmas, Annunciation, Easter, 246;
customs of, at Christmas, 246;
at other winter feasts, 247;
festival customs of, 249;
fertilization spirit at, 250;
water and fire rites at, 255;
sacrifice at, 256;
mock kings at, 260;
domestic feast at, 262;
dead commemorated at, 263;
omens at, 269;
play at, 272;
ecclesiastical revels at, 275.
See Kalends.
Newcastle, plays at, ii. 424.
Nice Wanton, ii. 223, 460.
Nicholas, St., in sword-dance, i. 195;
his day, 232, 247;
patron of children and schools, 263, 369;
as gift-giver, 268;
relation of Boy Bishop to, 363, 369;
religious plays on, ii. 59, 132.
Nigramansir, alleged play of, by Skelton, ii. 440.
Nigremance, i. 71.
Njordr, i. 108.
Noëls, i. 272.
‘Noise,’ Sneak’s, in Eastcheap, i. 69.
Norwich, plays at, ii. 425.
Notker Labeo translates Terence, ii. 207.
Nuts in May, i. 189.
Oats and Beans and Barley, i. 189.
Obstetrices in liturgical drama, ii. 41, 46, 126.
Odin, i. 108, 264.
‘Oes,’ i. 344.
Officium, term for religious play, ii. 103.
Officium Circumcisionis, i. 280, 289, 297, ii. 279.
‘Old Father Christmas,’ in St. George play, i. 216.
Omens for New Year, i. 238, 250, 266, 269.
‘Open the Door,’ in St. George play, i. 216.
Oranges and Lemons, i. 151.
Ordinale, book of miracle-play, ii. 143.
‘Ordinary,’ prompter, ii. 140.
Ordo, term for religious play, ii. 103.
‘Originals,’ books of miracle-plays, ii. 114, 143.
Orosius, his attack on the theatre, i. 18.
Owls, sacrifice of, i. 257.
‘Pace-eggers,’ and St. George play, i. 226.
Paedonomus, lord of misrule, i. 413.
‘Pageant-masters,’ ii. 116.
Pageants, for miracle-plays, ii. 95, 115, 133;
structure of, 136;
in processions, 161;
in royal entries, 166;
in masques, i. 398, ii. 176.
‘Pagent pencys,’ ii. 116.
‘Pajaunt silver,’ ii. 116.
Palm Sunday, i. 114;
dramatic ceremonies on, ii. 4.
Palmesel, i. 333, ii. 5.
Palsgrave, John, his Acolastus, ii. 459.
Pammachius of Kirchmayer, ii. 195, 217, 220, 224.
Pantomimi, i. 6, 23.
Parade of minstrels, i. 72, 85.
Parcae, table laid for, at New Year, i. 266.
Pardoner and the Friar, The, of Heywood, ii. 444.
Parish clerks, their plays in London, ii. 119.
Parish plays, frequency of, ii. 109, 121;
organization of, 121;
decay of, 191.
Passion, dramatic recitation of, ii. 5.
Passion play, begins in Good Friday planctus, ii. 40;
development of, 75;
in England, 129.
Pastores, a Christmas liturgical play, abuses of, i. 343;
origin and absorption of, ii. 41.
Pastourelles, i. 78, 171.
Paternoster plays, ii. 120, 154.
Patriarch of Fools, i. 303, 326, 329. See Feast of Fools.
Pauli Conversio, liturgical play of, ii. 61.
Pèlerin, Jeu du, i. 85.
Perchta, i. 109, 264, 266.
Percy, bishop, his view of minstrelsy, i. 66.
Peregrini, an Easter liturgical drama, ii. 36, 107.
Personnages, joueurs de, ii. 198.
Pestilence, charms for, i. 127, 140.
Petrarch, his Philologia, ii. 212.
Pfingstl, in folk-drama, i. 185.
Philistion, his mimes, i. 4.
Pickle Herring, i. 208.
Pilate, in religious drama, ii. 38, 139.
Planctus, in religious drama, ii. 33, 40, 44, 75, 129.
Platea, in religious plays, ii. 80, 135.
‘Play,’ in sense of ‘jest,’ i. 84.
Play, instinct of, i. 147;
at village festivals, 147;
at New Year, 272.
Play-books, ii. 143.
‘Player,’ meaning of term, ii. 185, 233.
Player-chambers, ii. 188.
Players. See Actors.
Plays. See Comedy, Drama, Interludes, Liturgical Drama, Miracle-plays, Moralities, Passion plays, St. George play, Tragedy, &c.
Plough Monday, i. 114, 121, 150, 209;
folk-plays on, 207.
See Ship processions.
Ploughing charm of Anglo-Saxons, i. 108, 167.
Ploughing festival, i. 111, 114.
Politics, in minstrelsy, i. 45, 76;
in interludes, ii. 219.
Polytheism, origin of, i. 107.
Pope of Fools, i. 302, 326.
See Feast of Fools.
Praesepe. See Crib.
Praestigiatores, i. 7, 71.
Prayer in folk-song, i. 167;
at end of interludes, ii. 189.
Pre-Aryan elements in folk-lore, i. 101.
Pride of Life, ii. 155, 436.
Priests, feast of, on St. John’s day, i. 336.
Printing, the ruin of minstrelsy, i. 68.
Prisio, a sacrificial forfeit, i. 156, 298.
Privy council, plays regulated by, ii. 223, 225.
Procession noire, at Evreux, i. 378.
Processional dances, i. 164.
Processional miracle-plays, ii. 95, 133, 160.
Processions, at folk-festivals, i. 118, ii. 165;
at Kalends, 237;
at Feast of Fools, 327;
at religious feasts, i. 222, ii. 160;
in cities, 165;
called ‘pageants,’ 176.
See Corpus Christi procession, Ridings.
‘Prodigal Son’ motive in drama, ii. 217.
Prompters, ii. 140, 144.
‘Properties’ of miracle-plays, ii. 141.
Prophet, on Palm Sunday, ii. 5.
Prophetae, liturgical drama of, and Feast of Fools, i. 109, ii. 56;
origin and development of, ii. 52, 70;
in England, 67, 107.
Prosae, i. 277, ii. 8.
‘Prose of the Ass,’ i. 282, 284, 287, 309, 312, 329, 331;
text of, ii. 279.
Publilius Syrus, a mimograph, i. 4.
Pulcinella, ii. 159.
Pulpita, ii. 135.
Punch and Judy, ii. 159.
Punishments, survivals of folk-custom in, i. 152.
Puppet-shows, i. 71, ii. 157.
Puritans, dislike minstrelsy, i. 41;
dislike May-day, 168, 180;
dislike sepulchrum, ii. 24;
dislike miracle-plays, 103, 111;
dislike interludes, 99, 111, 216.
Purpoole, Prince of, at Gray’s Inn, i. 416.
Puy, a bourgeois institution, i. 65;
minstrels in, i. 376, ii. 258;
relation of, to Feast of Fools, i. 376;
in London, i. 376, ii. 198;
secular plays acted by, i. 172, 376, ii. 197;
miracle-plays acted by, ii. 87.
Pyrrhicha, i. 7, 203.
Quack. See Doctor.
‘Queen’ at folk-festivals, i. 170, 173, 261.
Quem quaeritis, an Easter trope, ii. 9;
at Winchester, 12;
becomes a drama, 15, 306;
relation of, to Easter sepulchre, 16, 25;
a Visitatio sepulchri, 25;
precedes Te Deum at Matins, 26;
varieties of custom, 26;
texts of, 26;
doubtful origin of, 27;
diffusion of, 27;
development of, 28;
Victimae paschali in, 29;
the Maries scenes, 30;
the Apostles scene, 30;
the risen Christ or Hortulanus scene, 31;
planctus in, 32;
unguentarius in, 33;
staging of, 34;
remains part of liturgy, 35;
folk and religious Easter motives in, 36;
in England, 107;
text of Dublin version, 315.
Querolus, ii. 207.
Quêtes, at folk-festivals, i. 119, 156, 176, 209, 217, 253, 257, 263, &c.;
songs for, 168;
by Boy Bishop, 356, ii. 287;
for miracle-plays, ii. 117.
Rabardiaux, procession of, at Laon, i. 303.
Races, at folk-festivals, i. 148.
Rachel, liturgical drama of, ii. 44.
Radclif, Ralph, plays by, ii. 196, 205, 218.
Raherus, a minstrel, founds St. Bartholomew’s, i. 48.
Rain-charms, i. 103, 121, 255, 327.
‘Ram-raisings,’ at folk-festivals, i. 91, 148.
Rastell, John, his stage at Finsbury, ii. 183;
his Nature of the Four Elements, 200, 453.
Ravisius Textor, his dialogues, ii. 214.
Reading, the habit of, a rival to minstrelsy, i. 65, 68;
plays used for, ii. 186.
Reconciliation of the Heavenly Virtues, a theme of moralities, ii. 152.
Redford, John, his Wit and Science, ii. 200, 454.
Refectory, religious plays in, ii. 86.
Reformation, controversial use of drama at, ii. 216. See Puritans.
Refrain in folk-songs, i. 171.
Registrum, ii. 143.
Religion, of Kelto-Teutons, its origin, i. 99;
and magic, 102;
higher elements of, 146.
Religious controversy in interludes, ii. 216.
Remember us poor Mayers all, i. 169.
Repraesentatio, term for religious play, ii. 104, 210.
Representations of miracle-plays, list of, ii. 329.
Responsorium, nature of, ii. 6.
Respublica, ii. 460.
Resurrection, treatment of, in Easter drama, ii. 38, 73;
plays on, in England, 129.
See Quem quaeritis, Peregrini.
Resurrection motive, in folk-drama, i. 185;
in sword-dance, 207;
in St. George play, 213, 218.
Revels, at court, i. 393;
master of, 399, 404.
Revesby, Plow Boys’ play at, i. 207.
Rex, of minstrels, i. 50, ii. 232, 238, 259;
aestivalis, 173;
Saturnalitius, 236.
See Kings.
‘Riding the stang,’ i. 152.
‘Ridings,’ on festivals, i. 221, ii. 160.
‘Risin’ and buryin’ Peter,’ i. 187.
Ritson, Joseph, his view of minstrelsy, i. 66.
Ritwise, John, ii. 196, 215, 219.
‘Robene hude,’ a dance, i. 178.
Robert of Sicily, plays on, ii. 151, 205.
Robin and Marion, in pastourelles, i. 171, 175.
Robin Conscience, ii. 461.
Robin Hood, in May-game, i. 174;
legend of, 175;
plays on, 177, ii. 205.
Robin Hood’s ale, i. 179.
Rogations, i. 114, 119.
Roi. See Rex.
Roi d’Angleterre, et le Jougleur d’Ely, Le, i. 85.
Roister Doister of Udall, ii. 215, 452.
Romance, in interludes, ii. 205.
Romans d’aventure, i. 74.
Rondes, i. 165.
Roo, Thomas, play by, ii. 194, 219.
‘Room,’ in St. George play, i. 216.
Round the Mulberry Bush, i. 189.
Rounds, for miracle-plays, ii. 85, 123, 135.
Royal household. See Household.
Royal Oak day, i. 115.
Rushbearing, i. 114, 168.
Rutebeuf, a typical minstrel, i. 48, 65;
his Chariot et le Barbier, 79;
his Dit de l’Erberie, 83, 85.
Sabra, in St. George play, i. 217.
Sacci, in Twelve nights, i. 215, 268.
Sacrament, Croxton play of, ii. 133, 427.
Sacre rappresentazioni, ii. 92.
Sacrifice, attitude of Christianity to, i. 98;
types of, 130;
ceremonies at, 132, ii. 266;
survivals of, in folk-custom, i. 139, 256;
at beginning of winter, 229;
in athletics, 148;
in singing games, 151;
in forfeits, 157;
in sword-dance, 203;
in St. George play, 218;
heads and skins of victims, worn by worshippers at, 166, 258, 385, 391.
See Masks.
Saint Gall, song-school of, i. 338.
Saint Magnus’ church, Kölbigk, legend of dancers at, i. 162.
Saint Paul’s, two schools at, and their plays, ii. 196, 203, 219.
Saints, legends of, sung by minstrels, i. 62;
religious plays on, ii. 97, 123, 132.
Salii, dance of, i. 203.
Saltatores, i. 71.
Samhain, i. 111, 230, 234.
Satura, early type of Italian farce, i. 2.
Saturnalia, i. 235, 330.
Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis of Sir David Lyndsay, ii. 157, 441.
‘Sawing the Old Woman,’ i. 183.
Scaffolds for miracle-plays, ii. 136.
Scapegoat, i. 184.
Scenic arrangements of religious plays, ii, 79, 83.
School-drama of humanists, ii. 214.
Schoolmaster, his influence on folk-drama. See Holophernes.
Schools, Boy Bishop in, i. 362, 413;
interludes in, ii. 195;
recitations in, during Middle Ages, 212.
Schul-Bischof, i. 369.
Scilling, a scôp, i. 29.
Scogan, John, his comoediae, ii. 211.
Scolae ministrallorum, i. 53.
Scolares vagantes. See Goliardi.
Scôp, of Teutons, i. 25, 34;
relation of, to comitatus, 27;
in England, 28.
Scotales, i. 91.
Scurra, ii. 233.
Secular plays, on lines of miracle-plays, ii. 150.
Secularization of religious drama, ii. 69.
Sedes of religious plays, ii. 79, 83, 136.
Seneca, his tragedies, i. 3;
at Renascence, ii. 211, 216.
Sepulchre at Easter, in Concordia Regularis, ii. 16;
doubtful origin of, 18;
vogue of, in England, 19;
varying ceremonies of, 19;
host laid in, 21;
structure of, 21;
light and watch before, 23;
at Reformation, 24;
at Durham, 310;
at Salisbury, 312.
Sequentiae, ii. 8.
Sermons joyeuses, i. 381, ii. 157, 203.
Seven Champions of Christendom, in sword-dance, i. 194;
in St. George play, 220.
Sex-costume, change of, at festivals, i. 144, 214, 216, 218, 238, 262, 327, &c.
Sexagesimal calendar. See Three-score-day-tide calendar.
Sex-cults, i. 105, 144, 159.
Shakespeare, folk-lore of, in Hamlet, i. 267;
his fools, 388.
Shaven heads of minstrels, i. 45.
‘Ship,’ for play of Noah, ii. 136.
Ship processions, i. 121;
play on Noah attached to, ii. 119, 131.
Shoes, capture of, i. 157.
‘Shows’ of craft-guilds, ii. 162.
Shrewsbury, fragments of religious plays found at, ii. 90;
extracts from corporation accounts of, 250.
Shrovetide, i. 114, 150, 157, 163, 382, &c.
See Carnival.
Sibyl, in Prophetae, ii. 53.
Sidney, Philip, moved by minstrelsy, i. 69.
Sigillaria, i. 236.
Signs of Judgement, ii. 53.
Singing games, survival of sacrifice in, i. 151;
dance in, 165;
drama in, 189.
Sir Roger de Coverley, a dance, i. 165.
Skalds, of Scandinavia, i. 43.
Skelton, John, his plays, ii. 157, 440.
‘Skimmington riding,’ i. 153.
Skins, ceremonial wearing of. See Sacrifice.
‘Slasher,’ in St. George play, i. 212.
Sleeping Beauty, i. 187.
Smith, John, his Destruction of Jerusalem, ii. 132, 145.
Smith, W. Robertson, on sacrifice, i. 130, 135.
Sociétés joyeuses, i. 373;
at summer feasts, 377;
and charivari, 153, 379;
play farces, sotties, sermons joyeuses, 379;
traces of, in England, 383.
Sol Invictus, i. 234;
feast of, chosen for Christmas, 238, 241.
Solstices, unknown to Germano-Kelts, i. 113, 228;
feast on, at Rome, 234;
relation to Christian feasts, 241.
Somebody, Avarice, and Minister, ii. 223, 461.
Song, relation of, to dance, i. 161;
at folk-festivals, 163;
motifs of, 166;
at Christmas, 273.
See Caroles, Chansons.
Songs in miracle-plays, ii. 140, 144.
Sophron, his mimes, i. 2.
Sotelties, i. 224, ii. 397.
Sots. See Fools.
Sotties, i. 381, ii. 203.
‘Souling,’ i. 253.
Sources of miracle-plays, ii. 126.
Spectacula, a preoccupation of Roman Empire, i. 3, 13, 16, 19, 21.
See Actors, Drama, Theatre.
Speculum Stultorum of Wireker, i. 382.
Spirits, cult of, in primitive religion, i. 103;
evil, expulsion of, 184;
wanderings of, in Twelve nights, 267.
Sponsus, liturgical play of, ii. 61.
Spring, distinguished from summer, i. 111;
savour of, in folk-song, 167;
symbolized in folk-drama, 183, 219.
Sprinkling at folk-festivals, i. 122.
‘Squire,’ name for ‘fool,’ i. 142, 198.
Squire minstrel, ii. 239, 263.
‘Squire’s son,’ i. 194.
Squirrels, sacrifice of, i. 257.
Stage of miracle-plays, ii. 85, 136.
‘Standing’ play, ii. 134.
‘Stang,’ i. 152.
‘Star,’ at Epiphany, ii. 44.
Stationary miracle-plays, ii. 122, 134.
‘Stations’ for miracle-plays, ii. 115, 138.
Statutes of Labourers, effect of, on minstrelsy, i. 54.
Stella, liturgical drama of, at Epiphany, ii. 44;
absorbs Rachel and Pastores, 48;
textual development of, 51;
a dramatized offertorium, 52;
later forms of, 69, 129;
merged with Prophetae, 72.
Stephen, St., his day, i. 247;
feast of deacons on, 336.
Stercatherus, in sword-dance, i. 195.
Stevenson, William, probable author of Gammer Gurton’s Needle, ii. 195, 216, 457.
Strenae, i. 238, 250, 253, 263, 268, 271.
Stulti. See Fools.
Stultorum feriae, i. 335.
Sub-deacons, feast of, i. 323, 335.
See Fools, Feast of.
Sumer is icumen in, i. 168.
Summer, beginning of, i. 110;
festivals of, 114, 126, 173;
in folk-drama, 183;
sociétés joyeuses in, 377.
Summer-kings, i. 143, 173.
See Kings.
Summoning of Everyman. See Everyman.
Sun, dance of, at Easter, i. 129;
cults of, at Rome, 234.
Sun-charms, i. 121, 124, 255.
Suscitatio Lazari, liturgical plays of, ii. 58, 60.
Sword-dance, historic notices of, i. 190, ii. 270;
range of, in British isles, i. 192;
rhymes and personages of, 192, ii. 272;
identity of, with morris-dance, i. 195;
sacrificial rather than military, 201;
figures of, 203;
mock death in, 206;
continuity of, with folk-dramas, 207;
relation of, to Fastnachtspiele, 382.
Tabour, i. 73.
Taboureurs, Dit des, i. 63.
Tabula, i. 282.
Taillefer, his minstrelsy at Senlac, i. 43.
Tanfana, i. 108.
Tcharnican, i. 133.
Temporary kings, i. 137, 143. See Kings.
Temptation of Bale, ii. 448.
Tenebrae, a dramatic ceremony, ii. 6.
Tensons (tençons), i. 78.
Tenti of religious plays, ii. 135.
Terence, vogue of, in Middle Ages, ii. 207.
Terens in Englysh. See Andria.
Terentius et Delusor, i. 85, ii. 208;
text of, 326.
Tertullian, against stage, i. 1, 11;
against Kalends, 238.
Testimonials to travelling minstrels, i. 53.
Teutons and Kelts, their common folk-lore, i. 100.
Texts of miracle-plays, ii. 124;
authorship of, 144;
interrelations of, 146.
Thaleia of Arius, i. 13.
Theatrales ludi, condemned by Innocent III, i. 279, ii. 100;
by Paris theologians, i. 295.
Theatre, in Greek and Roman world, i. 1;
censured by pagan moralists, 9;
and by Christian Fathers, 10;
sympathy of Arius for, 13;
at Constantinople (fourth to seventh centuries), 15;
fall of, in East, 17;
at Trèves, Carthage, Ravenna, Rome, Narbonne (fifth century), 18;
under Theodoric the Ostrogoth at Rome (sixth century), 19;
fall of, in West, 21;
literary mention of, in twelfth century, 81;
mediaeval, at Paris and Exeter, 383, ii. 190.
Theodora, mime and Empress, i. 16.
Theodosius, Code of, theatrical legislation in, i. 12.
Thersites, ii. 214, 456.
Thetford Priory, extracts from accounts of, ii. 245.
Thévenin de St. Leger, his tomb, i. 386.
Thomas the Apostle, St., his day, i. 247.
Thomas the Martyr, St., pageant of, ii. 164.
‘Thomasing,’ i. 253.
Thor, i. 107.
Thorns, flowering at Christmas, i. 252.
Thread the Needle, i. 165.
Three-score-day-tide calendar, i. 152, 229.
Threshing-floor, sacrificial customs of, i. 158.
Thrie Estaitis. See Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis.
Three Laws of Bale, ii. 449.
Through the Needle Eye, i. 152.
Tillage, effect of, on calendar, i. 232.
Tiwaz, i. 105.
Tobit, play of, ii. 131.
Tollite portas, ii. 4, 5, 20, 36, 74.
Tombeor de Notre Dame, i. 42.
Tombeors, i. 70.
‘Tommy’ in sword-dance, i. 192.
Topographical list of miracle-plays, ii. 329.
Tops, whipped on festivals, i. 128.
Tower of London, i. 152.
Towneley Plays, ii. 124, 412.
Tragedy, extinction of classical, i. 2, ii. 206;
mediaeval conception of, 209;
humanist revival of, 211;
in Tudor interlude, 216.
Transformation of intention in folk-customs, i. 122, 124, 130, 138, 147.
Transformations, i. 170.
Travelling of miracle-plays, ii. 122.
Tregetours, i. 71.
Tres Reges, drama of. See Stella.
Tretise of miraclis pleyinge, i. 84, ii. 102.
Triads of divinities, i. 107, 231.
Tribunus voluptatum, i. 15, 21, ii. 229.
Triduum, relation of, to Feast of Fools, i. 323;
feasts of, 336;
early notices of, 338;
at St. Gall, 338;
at Winchester, 339;
during Middle Ages, 339;
abuses of, 340;
at Wells, 342;
at Exeter, 342.
Trimalchio, his Atellane, i. 5.
Trimousette, i. 170.
Trinity Sunday, i. 114.
Tripudia, in churches, i. 275, 326, 336.
Triumphs, i. 393, ii. 176.
Trobaires, i. 63.
Troparia, ii. 8.
Tropes, origin and nature of, ii. 7;
dialogue in, 8.
Trouvères, their relation to minstrels, i. 64.
‘Tug-of-war,’ at folk-festivals, i. 149.
Tumblers, i. 70.
Turkish Knight, in St. George play, i. 212.
‘Tutti men,’ at Hungerford, i. 156.
Twelfth Night. See Epiphany.
Twelve nights, origin of, i. 244;
spirits abroad in, 267;
influence of, on months of year, 269.
Udall, Nicholas, his plays, ii. 144, 192, 196, 215, 218, 451.
Ululatus, ii. 7.
Unguentarius in Quem quaeritis, ii. 33, 38.
Unidentified miracle-plays, ii. 432.
Universities, lord of misrule at, i. 407;
interludes at, ii. 194.
Unreason, ‘abbot’ of, i. 403.
Vagantes, scolares. See Goliardi.
Vernacular in religious plays, ii. 58, 61, 89.
Vestments used in miracle-plays, ii. 117.
Vexillatores, ii. 141, 156.
Vicars choral, and Feast of Fools, i. 324.
‘Vice,’ name for ‘fool,’ i. 387, ii. 203;
at miracle-plays, 141, 205;
in interludes, 203;
costume of, 205.
Vice and Virtue, Conflict of, a theme of moralities, ii. 153.
Victimae paschali, ii. 29;
in Quem quaeritis, 30.
Vielle, i. 73.
Village festivals, presence of the fertilization spirit at, i. 116, 250;
processions at, 118, 253;
images at, 120;
rain-charms at, 121, 255;
sun-charms at, 124, 255;
sacrifice at, 132, 276, ii. 266;
play at, i. 146;
dance at, 160, 272;
mock king at, 172, 260;
folk-drama at, 183.
Virgil, in Prophetae, ii. 53.
Visitatio sepulchri. See Quem quaeritis.
Visors. See Masks.
Vota, i. 237.
Waits, i. 51.
Wakes, i. 114, 247.
Wantonness at folk-festivals, i. 93, 145, 169.
War, in early cult, i. 26.
Wassail, i. 254, 260.
Watches at midsummer, i. 118, ii. 165.
Water-charms. See Rain-charms.
Watson, Edward, comedy by, ii. 194.
Watson, Thomas, his Absalon, ii. 195, 458.
Wealth and Health, ii. 461.
Weather of Heywood, ii. 445.
Well-dressing, i. 120, 124.
Wells, cult of fertilization spirit at, i. 122.
Werwolf, i. 267.
‘Wesley-bob,’ i. 253.
Wever, R., his Lusty Juventus, ii. 223, 460.
Wheel, as sun-charm, i. 128.
Whipping, at Easter, i. 157;
at Christmas, 260;
at Feast of Fools, 327.
‘Whipping Toms,’ at Leicester, i. 157.
White smocks worn in folk-dances, i. 200.
‘Whitepot’ queen, i. 174.
Whitsuntide, i. 114, 141, 173, 179;
dramatic ceremonies at, ii. 66;
miracle-plays at, 94, 138.
Widsith, i. 28.
‘Wild hunt,’ i. 264, 267.
‘Wild man,’ i. 185.
Winchester College, extracts from accounts of, ii. 246.
Winileodi, i. 170.
Winter, beginning of, i. 110, 228, 249;
represented in folk-drama, 183, 220;
Roman feasts during, 234.
Wit and Science of John Redford, ii. 200, 454.
Witch-trials, heathenism in, i. 98.
Withershins, i. 129, 165.
Witty and Witless of Heywood, ii. 446.
Wodan, i. 108.
‘Wod-woz,’ i. 185, 392.
Woman, sawing the old, i. 183.
Women, primitive agricultural cult by, i. 106;
position of, in village festivals, 144.
See Sex-costume.
Work, begun on feast day, i. 269.
World and the Child, The. See Mundus et Infans.
Worship, dramatic element in, ii. 3.
Worthies, the six, in sword-dance, i. 195.
Would you know how doth the farmer?, i. 189.
Wren, sacrifice of, i. 132, 257.
Wrestling at folk-festivals, i. 148.
Wyclifites, against minstrelsy, i. 40;
against miracle-plays, ii. 102.
Wylley, Thomas, his plays, ii. 220.
Year. See Calendar, New Year’s day, Spring, Summer, Winter.
York Plays, ii. 409.
‘Youling,’ i. 120, 142, 260.
Youth, ii. 200, 453.
Yule, derivation of name, i. 230.
Yule-log, i. 262, 267.
Yule-straw, i. 250.

The mediaeval stage, volume 2 (of 2)

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