[This index is almost wholly confined to the text, and only includes the principal passages dealing with each subject. I am sorry not to have been able to prepare a local or a nominal index. The want of the former may be in part met, so far as the miracle-plays are concerned, by the topographical list of representations in Appendix W.]

• A l’entrada dal tens clar, i. 170.
• Abbayes joyeuses, i. 375, 383.
• Abbesses, mock, i. 361.
• Abbot, of Bon-Accord, i. 173, ii. 333;
• of Marham, i. 173, ii. 250;
• of Misrule, i. 403;
• of Unreason, i. 181, ii. 335.
• Abraham and Isaac, plays of, ii. 130, 426.
• Abrenuntiatio, i. 19, 97.
• Absalon of Thomas Watson, ii. 195, 458.
• Account-books, extracts from, on minstrelsy and plays, ii. 234, 240.
• Acolastus, of Gnaphaeus, ii. 217;
• of John Palsgrave, 459.
• Actio, term for miracle-play, ii. 105.
• Actors, a perplexity to Roman government, i. 3, 7;
• punished for satire, 5;
• private performances of, 7;
• infamia of, 8, 12, 14, 16;
• hostility of, to Christianity, 10;
• become minstrels, 24;
• in miracle-plays, regulations for, ii. 114;
• payment of, 139;
• professional, under Tudors, 186, 225;
• the King’s, 187, 201;
• economic status of, under Elizabeth, 225.
• Actus, term for miracle-play, ii. 105.
• Adam, ii. 70;
• analysis of, 80;
• vernacular mingled with Latin in, 89.
• Adam le Boscu, minstrel in 1306, i. 47.
• Adan de la Hale, plays of, i. 171, 381.
• Adoptionist controversies, and Christmas, i. 240.
• Adoratio Crucis, ii. 16.
• Advent, i. 247;
• liturgical drama in, ii. 62, 67.
• Agricultural festivals. See Feasts, Village festivals.
• Agriculture, begun by women, i. 106;
• religion of, 106, 109.
• Aguilaneuf, i. 254.
• Alcuin, his dislike of minstrelsy, i. 32, 35.
• Ales, i. 179.
• Allegory in mediaeval drama, ii. 151.
• Alleluia, funeral of, i. 186.
• All Saints’ day, i. 247, 265.
• All Souls’ day, i. 247, 265.
• Altercatio Ecclesiae et Synagogae, ii. 64, 152.
• Amour, Prince d’, at Middle Temple, i. 416.
• Ancestors, cult of, at New Year, i. 264.
• Andrew, St., his day, i. 232.
• Andria of Terence, ii. 215, 456.
• Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, songs in, i. 31.
• Anglo-Saxons, non-professional singers of, i. 64.
• Animals, cult of, i. 131.
• Animism, i. 103.
• Anne, St., miracle-plays on her day, ii. 118, 127, 130.
• Annunciation, dramatic ceremonies at, ii. 66.
• Annunciation style, i. 246.
• Antichristus, liturgical play of, ii. 62, 151.
• Antiphonarium of Gregory the Great, ii. 7.
• Antiphons, nature of, ii. 6.
• Apfeln-Bischof, i. 369.
• Apostles, feast of, at Beauvais, i. 287;
• at Sens, 288.
• Aquinas, on minstrels, i. 58.
• Archipropheta of Grimald, ii. 451.
• Armenians, on birthday of Christ, i. 239.
• Armiger, title of minstrel, i. 50, ii. 139.
• Aryan and pre-Aryan in folk-lore, i. 101.
• Ascension, feast of, i. 114;
• dialogued trope for, ii. 11;
• dramatic ceremony at, 65;
• miracle-play at, 129.
• Asotus of Macropedius, ii. 217.
• Ass, ears of, worn by ‘fools,’ i. 385;
• liturgical drama, ii. 57.
• See Palmesel.
• Asses, feast of, i. 275, 282, 304, 305, 320, 330, 374, 377.
• See Prose of Ass.
• Atellanes, i. 2, 4.
• Aubes, i. 78, 171.
• Aucassin et Nicolete, i. 42, 45, 74.
• Auctor of plays, i. 83.
• Augustine, St., and theatre, i. 12, 17;
• a character in miracle-plays, ii. 72, 77.
• Ausonius, his Ludus Septem Sapientum, ii. 212.
• Authorship of miracle-plays, ii. 144.
• Autos Sacramentales, ii. 95, 105.
• Baculus, feast of, i. 276, 279, 283, 289, 309, 319, 325, 345.
• Balaam, episode of, in Prophetae, ii. 55, 72.
• Baldwin, William, his plays, ii. 194, 200.
• Bale, John, ii. 131, 144, 220, 222, 224, 446.
• Ball, tossed at festivals, i. 128;
• at Feast of Fools, 327;
• struggle for, in games, meaning of, 149.
• Ballad, in Elizabethan age, i. 69.
• Ballationes, i. 161.
• ‘Banns’ of miracle-plays, ii. 114, 122, 140, 144.
• Barbarian indifference to theatre, i. 19, 21.
• Bards, classes of, i. 76.
• ‘Barring-out,’ i. 263.
• Barritus of Germans, i. 26.
• Bartholomew Fair, puppet-shows at, ii. 158.
• Basoches, i. 375.
• Bastaxi, i. 71.
• Baston, Robert, his tragoediae, ii. 211.
• Bathing at folk-festivals, i. 122.
• Battle, mock, in folk-drama, i. 187, 210.
• See also Débats.
• Bauble of fool, i. 385.
• Bean, king of, i. 260, 408.
• ‘Bearing the book,’ ii. 140.
• Bearwards, i. 68, 72.
• Beast-dances, i. 166.
• Beast-mimicry, by minstrels, i. 71.
• ‘Beating the bounds,’ i. 120, 143.
• Beauty and Good Properties of Women, ii. 455.
• Beelzebub, in Plough Monday play, i. 209;
• in St. George play, 214.
• Befana, i. 268.
• Bel, cult of, in Bohemia, i. 253.
• Bells, in morris-dance, i. 200;
• in sword-dance, 201.
• Beltane, i. 111, 133, 138, 143.
• Belus, cult of, in Europe, i. 112, 234.
• Benedictbeuern manuscript, liturgical plays in, ii. 37, 39, 40, 72, 76.
• Benedictio fontium, i. 124.
• Beowulf i. 29;
• sword-dance in, 191.
• ‘Bessy’ in sword-dance, i. 192, 194, 198, 206, 210.
• ‘Bezant’ procession, i. 119.
• Bilingual religious plays, ii. 89, 108.
• ‘Bishops’ of Fools, i. 295, 326, 368.
• See Feast of Fools, passim.
• Black faces at folk-festivals, i. 125, 154, 199, 214.
• Blood, importance of, in sacrifice, i. 132, 138.
• Blôt-monath, i. 256.
• Boar, sacrificial animal at New Year, i. 257.
• Bon Accord, abbot of, i. 173, ii. 333.
• Bordeors Ribauz, Des Deus, i. 67, 79, 85.
• Bouffons, danse des, i. 191.
• ‘Box-holder’ in St. George play, i. 217.
• Boy Bishop, sermons of, i. 356;
• in schools and universities, 362;
• disliked by Reformation, 366;
• customs of, resemble Feast of Fools, 368;
• in religious drama, ii. 72.
• Boy Bishop, at Sens, i. 344;
• at Rouen, 345;
• at Bayeux, 345;
• at Coutances, 346;
• at Tours, 347;
• at Toul, 347;
• in France generally, 349;
• at Noyon, 350;
• in Spain, 350;
• in Germany, 350;
• at Salisbury, 352, ii. 282;
• at Exeter, i. 354;
• at St. Paul’s, 354;
• at York, 356, ii. 287;
• at Beverley, i. 357;
• at Lincoln, 358;
• vogue of, in England, 358;
• at Westminster, 360;
• at Durham, 360;
• at Winchester, 361.
• Boys, feast of. See Boy Bishop.
• Braies, fête de, at Laon, i. 302;
• roi de, 373.
• Breri, a fabulator, i. 77.
• Broom, in St. George play, i. 215.
• Brothelyngham, order of, at Exeter, i. 383.
• Brumalia, i. 234.
• Buffons, les, name for morris-dance, i. 200.
• Buffoons. See Fools, Minstrels.
• Bufos, i. 63.
• Bull-baiting, origin of, i. 141, 257.
• Burial and Resurrection, ii. 129, 431.
• ‘Burial of Carnival,’ i. 186.
• Burlesque of worship at Feast of Fools, i. 280, 286, 294, 296, 325, 381.
• Cabham, Thomas de, his classification of minstrels, i. 59, ii. 262.
• Cakes at festivals, i. 133, 142, 260.
• Calendar, origins of, i. 110, 229, 232.
• Calisto and Meliboea, ii. 455.
• Candlemas, i. 114, 126, 163, 251.
• Cantica, i. 161, 169.
• Canticum triumphale, ii. 74.
• Cantilenae, of folk and scôp, i. 26;
• on heroes, 163, 167;
• of sword-dance, 192.
• Carnival, i. 114, 121;
• ‘burial’ of, 186.
• Caroles, i. 164, 272.
• ‘Carping,’ of minstrels, i. 72.
• Cartuaitheail, i. 129.
• Castle of Perseverance, ii. 155, 437.
• Catherine, St., her day, i. 247;
• plays on legend of, ii. 64, 107, 133.
• ‘Catherning,’ i. 253.
• Cawarden, Sir Thomas, i. 405.
• Censorship of stage, ii. 225.
• Cereal sacrifices, i. 133;
• survival of in folk-festivals, 142, 260.
• Ceri, procession of, at Gubbio, i. 119.
• Cernunnos, i. 259.
• Cervulus, i. 258, 330.
• Chansons, of minstrels, i. 73;
• de gestes, 74;
• dramatic elements in, 77;
• de carole, 164;
• à danser, 171;
• de mal-mariées, 171.
• Chanteloup, Walter de, attacks folk-ludi, i. 91.
• Chapel Royal, plays by, ii. 193, 202.
• Charivari, i. 153, 379.
• Charlemagne, and heroic song, i. 26;
• a patron of minstrels, 36.
• Charlot et le Barbier, of Rutebeuf, i. 79.
• Charms, i. 121.
• Chaucer, a typical trouvère, i. 64;
• interludes based on, ii. 205.
• Cheke, Henry, his Freewill, ii. 461.
• ‘Chekkar,’ minstrels of, at Scottish court, i. 50.
• Chester Plays, ii. 407.
• Chevauchées, i. 153, 379.
• Children, inheritors of folk-customs, i. 152;
• place of, in winter feasts, 263.
• Chimney-sweeps, their connexion with May-day, i. 125.
• Choir-boys, miracle-plays acted by, ii. 121.
• Chori, in folk-dance and song, i. 27, 163.
• Christianity, elements of, in folk-custom, i. 249.
• Christmas, St. George play at, i. 226;
• origin of, 238;
• in Saxon England, 244;
• New Year customs at, 246;
• in mediaeval England, 390;
• masques at, 391;
• at universities, 407;
• at inns of court, 413;
• dialogued tropes for, ii. 8, 11, 41;
• praesepe at, 42;
• liturgical plays at, 41;
• miracle-plays at, 70, 129.
• Christmas-boxes, i. 271.
• Christmas-flowering trees, i. 252.
• Christmas lord. See Misrule, lord of.
• ‘Christmas,’ Old Father, in St. George play, i. 216.
• Christmas Prince, at St. John’s College, Oxford, i. 408.
• Christmas trees, i. 251.
• Christopherson, John, his Jephthes, ii. 218.
• Χριστὸς Πάσχων, ii. 206.
• Christus Redivivus of Grimald, ii. 450.
• Christus Triumphans of John Foxe, ii. 458.
• Chrysostom, St., and theatre, i. 15;
• and pantomimi at banquets, 24;
• and Kalends, 244.
• Churches, dances in, i. 163;
• ‘clipping’ of, 166;
• miracle-plays in, ii. 79, 134;
• interludes in, 191.
• Churchyards, miracle-plays in, ii. 134.
• Circular movement as sun-charm, i. 129.
• Circumcision, feast of, i. 245, 330.
• See New Year, Kalends, Feast of Fools.
• Cithara, i. 73.
• Classical plays, Renascence performances of, ii. 214.
• ‘Clemencing,’ i. 253.
• Clement, St., his day, i. 247.
• Clergy, their share in miracle-plays, ii. 117, 120.
• Clerico et Puella, Interludium de, i. 86, ii. 181;
• text of, ii. 324.
• Clerks’ plays, ii. 104, 140, 202.
• ‘Clipping the church,’ i. 166.
• Cockneys, king of, at Lincoln’s Inn, i. 414.
• Cocks-comb, worn by fools, i. 385.
• Columpnarium, ii. 213.
• Comedy, on Roman stage, i. 2;
• extinction of classical, ii. 207;
• mediaeval sense of term, 209;
• humanist revival of, 212;
• in Tudor interlude, 215.
• Compagnies des fous, i. 373.
• See Sociétés joyeuses.
• Complaint of Deor, i. 29.
• Computi, extracts from, on minstrelsy and plays, ii. 234, 240.
• Concordia Regularis, ii. 14, 306.
• Conductus, i. 282.
• Conduits, filled with wine, ii. 166;
• pageants on, 173.
• Conflict of Vice and Virtue, ii. 153.
• Confrérie de la Passion, ii. 88.
• Confréries, for Feast of Fools, i. 373.
• Constance, council of, performance of Stella at, ii. 101.
• Contes, i. 74.
• Contrafazedor, i. 82.
• Controversy, religious, in drama, ii. 217.
• Conversion of England, i. 95.
• Coquille, seigneur de la, i. 374.
• Corbeil, Pierre de, and the Feast of Fools, i. 281, 287.
• Cornards, i. 374, 384.
• Coronations. See Entries.
• Cornish plays, ii. 127, 433.
• Corporations, their control of miracle-plays, ii. 114;
• their expenses, 115;
• plays sometimes produced by them, 118.
• Corpus Christi, miracle-plays at, ii. 77, 94, 108, 112, 138, 160;
• procession at, 138, 160, 329;
• guilds of, 118.
• Corraro, his Progne, ii. 212.
• ‘Cosmic’ dramas. See Cycles.
• Costume, of minstrels, i. 44;
• at folk-festivals, 185;
• in St. George play, 219;
• of fools, 384;
• in miracle-plays, ii. 122, 141.
• Court, the English, minstrels at, i. 47, ii. 234;
• fools at, i. 386;
• Christmas at, 390;
• revels and disguisings at, 391;
• lord of misrule at, 403;
• master of revels at, 404;
• miracle-plays at, 397, ii. 130, 184;
• interludes at, 186, 192.
• Courtois d’Arras, i. 79.
• Courts of minstrelsy, i. 54.
• Coventry, plays at, ii. 422.
• See Ludus Coventriae.
• Cradle of Security, ii. 189, 200.
• Craft-guilds, miracle-plays maintained by, ii. 111, 113, 115;
• levies on members of, 116;
• appropriateness of plays to occupations of, 118, 131;
• and Corpus Christi procession, 162.
• Creation of the World of W. Jordan, ii. 435.
• Creed Play, ii. 120, 130.
• ‘Creeping to the cross,’ ii. 17.
• ‘Crib’ at Christmas, i. 272, 333, ii. 42, 157.
• Cromwell, and Protestant interludes, ii. 220.
• Croxton Sacrament play, ii. 427.
• Cucking-stool, i. 122.
• Cuckoo, the herald of summer, i. 188.
• Cues, ii. 144.
• Cult, its permanence, i. 99.
• Cycles of miracle-plays, formed by expansion and merging, ii. 72;
• become ‘cosmic’ drama, 77;
• spread over successive days or years, 86, 130;
• popularity of in England, 113;
• their subject-matter, 125, 321.
• Cynewulf, a scôp, i. 31.
• Dance, a form of play, i. 160;
• attacked by Church, 161;
• in churches, 162;
• at folk-festivals, 163, 272;
• in Middle Ages, 164;
• processional and circular, 164;
• dramatic tendency of, 188;
• at Feast of Fools, 326;
• in miracle-plays, ii. 141.
• See Morris-dance, Sword-dance.
• Dance of Death, ii. 153.
• Dancers, in Rome, i. 6, 9;
• as minstrels, 71.
• Dancing sun, at Easter, i. 129.
• Daniel, liturgical plays on, ii. 58, 60.
• Danse des bouffons, i. 191.
• Dati, his Hiempsal, ii. 212.
• Daurel et Beton, i. 67.
• Deacons, feast of, on St. Stephen’s day, i. 336.
• Dead, feast of, i. 228, 247, 264.
• Deasil, i. 123, 129, 165.
• Death, Dance of, ii. 153.
• Death, expulsion of, i. 183.
• Death, mock, in sword-dance, i. 206;
• in folk-plays, 210, 213, 219.
• Débats, i. 79, 187;
• and moralities, ii. 153;
• acted as interludes, 201.
• ‘Decoration’ at New Year, i. 251.
• Dedication of churches, wake on day of, i. 96, 114;
• dramatic ceremony of, ii. 4.
• Dee, John, play translated by, ii. 195.
• Degollada, la, figure in sword-dance, i. 204.
• Depositio Crucis, ii. 17.
• Deposuit, feast of, i. 277, 306, 309, 325, 339, 345, 376.
• Descensus Christi ad inferos, dramatic treatment of, ii. 73.
• Destruction of Jerusalem, play on, ii. 132.
• De Symbolo, pseudo-Augustinian sermon, ii. 52.
• Devils, in miracle-plays, ii. 91, 148.
• Devozioni, ii. 92.
• Dialogues, in Anglo-Saxon literature, i. 80;
• in minstrelsy, 77;
• in liturgical tropes, ii. 8;
• recited in schools, 212.
• Dice, a temptation to minstrels, i. 48, 60;
• played at mummings, 394.
• Digby Plays, ii. 428.
• Disguisings, i. 393, 400.
• See Mummings, Masques, Drama, Interludes.
• Disobedient Child, The, of Ingelend, ii. 214, 223, 456.
• Disours, i. 75, 387.
• Dit des Taboureurs, i. 63.
• Dits, i. 74.
• Doctor, in folk-drama, i. 185;
• in sword-dances, 207;
• in Plough Monday play, 210;
• in St. George play, 213, 218, 226.
• Doctors de trobar, i. 63.
• Domestic feast at New Year, i. 262.
• Domus of religious plays, ii. 79, 83, 136.
• Donaueschingen, stage of Passion-play at, ii. 84.
• Dout, i. 217.
• ‘Ducking’ at folk-festivals, i. 122;
• at Feast of Fools, 298, 307, 313, 327.
• Dumb-show, in folk-drama, i. 211.
• Dracontius, his Orestes, ii. 209.
• Dragon, in morris-dance, i. 196;
• in St. George play, 212, 217, 226.
• Drama, decay of, at Rome, i. 3;
• elements of, in minstrelsy, 77;
• developed from pastourelles, 171;
• at English May-games, 177;
• folk-element in, 182;
• relation of, to dance, 188;
• magical efficacy of, 192;
• influence of schoolmaster on, 202;
• at Feasts of Fools and Boy Bishop, 380;
• element of, in liturgy, ii. 3;
• process of secularization in, from thirteenth century, 69;
• expansion of, 69;
• brought outside the church, 79;
• acted by lay guilds, 87;
• vernacular introduced into, 88;
• vogue of devils in, 91;
• at feast of Corpus Christi, 95;
• processional type of, 95;
• liturgical survivals in, 96;
• passes into interlude, 180;
• mediaeval confusion as to nature of, 208;
• controversial use of, at Reformation, 216.
• See Actors, Comedy, Folk-drama, Interludes, Liturgical plays, Miracle-plays, Moralities, Tragedy, &c. &c.
• Draw a Pail of Water, i. 124.
• Droichis Part of the Play, assigned to Dunbar, ii. 454.
• Druids, i. 251.
• Dunbar, his banns for a May-game, ii. 454.
• Durham Priory, extracts from accounts of, ii. 240.
• Dwarf effigies, i. 353.
• Earth-goddess, i. 105;
• cult of, in India, 149, ii. 266;
• swine sacrificed to, i. 257;
• as ruler of dead, 264.
• Easter, i. 114;
• folk-customs at, 124, 126, 128, 150, 156, 157, 163, 165, &c.;
• St. George play at, 226;
• dialogued tropes for, ii. 9;
• religious drama at, 15, 27, 73, 129.
• See Quem quaeritis, Peregrini.
• Easter sepulchre. See Sepulchre.
• Ecerinis of Mussato, ii. 211.
• Edward I, his Pentecost feast, minstrels at, i. 47, ii. 234.
• Edward VI, his De Meretrice Babylonica, ii. 218, 222.
• Eggs, at Easter, i. 128;
• in Quem quaeritis, ii. 36.
• ‘Elegiac’ comedies and tragedies, ii. 212.
• Elevatio Crucis, at Easter, ii. 17, 20.
• Elisaeus, liturgical play of, ii. 60.
• Eltham, mummings at, i. 395, 397.
• Enfants-sans-Souci, i. 374, 382.
• English, John, a player, ii. 187.
• Enseignamens por Joglars, i. 67.
• Entries, royal, pageants at, ii. 166, 174, 336;
• elements from miracle-plays and moralities in, 172.
• Eostre, i. 108.
• ‘Epic’ comedies and tragedies, ii. 212.
• Epicharmus, his mimes, i. 2.
• Epinette, roi de l’, i. 373.
• Epiphany, early significance of, i. 239;
• subordinated to Christmas, 244;
• New Year customs at, 247, 260;
• Feast of Fools at, 323;
• religious drama at, ii. 44, 129.
• See Stella.
• Episcopus puerorum, or Nicholatensis, i. 369. See Boy Bishop.
• Erasmus, his sermon for Boy Bishop, i. 356.
• Erberie, Dit de l’, of Rutebeuf, i. 33, 85.
• Erce, i. 108.
• Ermulus, i. 258.
• Esclaffardi, i. 290, 315, 323.
• Esem Esquesem, in Plough Monday play, i. 210.
• Estrifs, i. 81.
• See Débats.
• Ethelwold, St., author of Concordia Regularis, ii. 14, 307.
• Ethnology, of Europe, i. 101;
• in folk-custom, 270.
• Étourdis, prévot des, i. 373.
• Étrennes. See Strenae.
• Evergreens, as representing fertilization spirit, i. 251.
• Everyman, Summoning of, ii. 155, 217, 439.
• Exemplum, term for religious play, ii. 104.
• Exeter, order of Brothelyngham at, i. 383;
• fourteenth-century theatre at, 383, ii. 190.
• Expulsion of Death, i. 183.
• Fabliaux, i. 43, 74.
• ‘Faddy’ dance at Helston, i. 119, 165.
• Fall, the, introduced into religious drama, ii. 71, 77.
• Family, feast of, at New Year, i. 262.
• Farce, vogue of, at Rome, i. 2, 4;
• played by minstrels, 83;
• in fifteenth-century France, ii. 197;
• in interludes, 202.
• Farsura, i. 277.
• Fasching in sword-dance, i. 192.
• Fastnachtspiele, i. 382.
• Fatui. See Fools.
• ‘Feasten’ cakes, i. 133, 142, 236, 260.
• Feasts, of primitive Europe, i. 110;
• village, customs of, 116;
• play at, 146;
• at beginning of winter, 228;
• in mid-winter, 234;
• between harvest and New Year, 247.
• See Asses, Feast of; Fools, Feast of.
• Ferrers, George, i. 405.
• Fertilization spirit, in winter customs, i. 250.
• Feuillée, Jeu de la, of Adan de la Hale, i. 381.
• Fire, not taken from house at New Year, i. 217, 238, 269.
• Fires at folk-festivals, i. 125, 255;
• in pestilence, 127;
• at Feast of Fools, 327.
• ‘First foot,’ i. 270.
• Flagellants, and mediaeval drama in Italy, ii. 92.
• Fleury, liturgical plays at, ii. 32, 37, 50, 59, 60, 61.
• Flight into Egypt, representations of, i. 287, 333.
• Floralia, a festival at Rome, i. 5.
• Flower-dances, i. 166.
• Flytings, i. 80.
• Folk-drama, i. 182;
• relation of, to sword-dance, 207, 218.
• Folk-elements, in Feast of Fools, i. 298, 326;
• in miracle-plays, ii. 91, 120, 147;
• in royal entries, 172.
• Folk-medicine, i. 117, 123.
• Folk-song, of Teutons, i. 25;
• adapted by minstrels, 78;
• as source of débats, 80.
• See Chansons, Song.
• Food, an object of cult, i. 104;
• left on table at New Year, 266.
• ‘Fool,’ meaning of term, i. 334;
• in folk-custom, 142, 150, 192, 196, 208, 214;
• costume of, 384, 387;
• in household, 386;
• at miracle-plays, ii. 141;
• in interludes, 141.
• See Buffoon, ‘Vice.’
• Fool-literature, i. 382.
• Fools, Feast of, i. 275;
• condemned by Innocent III (1207), 279;
• by council of Paris (1212), 279;
• by Odo of Tusculum (1245);
• described in thirteenth century, 290;
• condemned by Gerson, 292;
• by council of Basle (1435), 293;
• by Pragmatic Sanction (1438), 293;
• by Paris theologians (1445), 293;
• later attacks on, 300;
• customs of, 323;
• possible eastern origin of, 327;
• loose use of term, 337;
• inherited by sociétés joyeuses, 373;
• relation of, to liturgical drama, ii. 56;
• at Paris, i. 276, 300;
• at Sens, 279, 291, 297;
• at Beauvais, 284, 300;
• at St. Omer, 289, 305;
• at Bayeux, 289;
• at Autun, 289, 312;
• at Nevers, 290;
• at Romans, 290;
• at Laon, 290, 303;
• at Amiens, 290, 300;
• at Troyes, 295;
• at Noyon, 302;
• at Soissons, 302;
• at Senlis, 303;
• at Rheims, 304;
• at Châlons-sur-Marne, 305;
• at Béthune, 305;
• at Lille, 306;
• at Tournai, 307;
• at Chartres, 308;
• at Tours, 309;
• at Bourges, 309;
• at Avallon, 309;
• at Auxerre, 309;
• at Besançon, 311;
• at Dijon, 313;
• at Châlons-sur-Saône, 314;
• at Valence, 314;
• at Vienne, 314;
• at Viviers, 315;
• at Arles, 317;
• at Fréjus, 317;
• at Aix, 317;
• at Antibes, 317;
• in Spain, 318;
• at Mosburg, 319;
• at Cologne, 320;
• in Bohemia, 320;
• at Lincoln, 321;
• at Beverley, 322;
• at St. Paul’s, 323;
• at Salisbury, 323.
• Fools, order of, i. 375, 382.
• Football, at folk-festivals, i. 149.
• Footing, payment of, i. 157.
• ‘Forced fire,’ i. 127.
• Four Elements, Nature of, of John Rastell, ii. 200, 453.
• Four Ps of Heywood, ii. 445.
• Fous, prince des, i. 373.
• Foxe, John, his Christus Triumphans, ii. 458.
• Francis, St., his divine minstrelsy, i. 46;
• and the praesepe, ii. 42.
• Frazer, J. G., his theory of human sacrifice, i. 134.
• Freewill of Henry Cheke, ii. 461.
• French influence on English miracle-plays, ii. 108, 146.
• Freyja, i. 96, 108.
• Freyr, i. 98, 108, 118, 257.
• Frîja, i. 108.
• Funambuli, i. 70.
• Functions of heathen gods transferred to saints, i. 98, 109.
• ‘Funeral of Alleluia,’ i. 186.
• Future, curiosity of peasant as to, i. 271.
• ‘Gaderyng.’ See Quête.
• Gaigizons, folk-custom of, at Autun, i. 313.
• Galgacus, hero of folk-play, i. 211.
• Games, festival origin of, i. 148.
• Gammer Gurton’s Needle, ii. 195, 216, 457.
• ‘Gang-week,’ i. 120.
• Garçon et l’Aveugle, Le, i. 86.
• ‘Geese-dancers,’ or disguisers, i. 402.
• Gemeinwoche, i. 247.
• Genesius, St., a converted mime, i. 10;
• the patron of minstrels, 42.
• Gentleness and Nobility, assigned to Heywood, ii. 446.
• Geoffrey of St. Albans, his play on St. Catherine, ii. 64, 107.
• Geola, i. 230.
• ‘George’ in churches, i. 224.
• George, St., his day, i. 114;
• in morris-dance, 197;
• legend of, 138, 225;
• ridings of, 118, 221;
• miracle-plays on, 224, ii. 132.
• George, St., or Mummers’ play, range of, i. 211, 220;
• analysis of, 211;
• characters of, 212;
• relation to sword-dance, 207, 218;
• symbolism of spring in, 218;
• relation to Seven Champions, 220;
• to St. George ridings, 221;
• transferred from spring to mid-winter, 226;
• text of, ii. 276.
• Gerhoh von Reichersberg, ii. 64, 86, 98.
• Germano-Kelts, their feasts, i. 228;
• ignorance of solstices, 228;
• influence of Rome upon, 232.
• Gesta Grayorum, i. 417.
• Gestator regis, i. 68.
• Geta, ii. 207.
• ‘Giants’ in folk-festivals, i. 120, 139;
• at royal entries, ii. 173.
• Gladiators, suppressed, i. 20;
• survival of, in minstrelsy, 72.
• Glastonbury thorn, i. 252.
• Gleeman (gleómon), name for scôp, i. 28, 30, 34;
• survival of, after Conquest, 43, 75.
• Gleewood, or harp, i. 29.
• Gloriosi et famosi, ii. 54.
• God, the concept of, i. 104.
• Godiva procession at Coventry, i. 119, ii. 163.
• God’s Promises of Bale, ii. 448.
• ‘Golden Mass,’ at Tournai, ii. 67, 318.
• Goliardi, i. 60, 280, 327, ii. 8, 27, 37, 57, 72.
• ‘Gooding,’ i. 253.
• Γοτθικόν, τό, at Byzantium, i. 273.
• Grange, Prince de la, at Lincoln’s Inn, i. 415.
• Green Knight, of Arthurian romance, i. 186.
• Gregory the Great, his missionary policy, i. 95.
• Grimald, Nicholas, his plays, ii. 194, 218, 450.
• Grosseteste, Robert, his harper, i. 56;
• against minstrels, 39;
• against folk-ludi, 91;
• against Feast of Fools, 321;
• his name given to Christmas king, 411;
• against miracle-plays, ii. 100.
• Grotesques, as survivals of sacrifice, i. 142;
• in sword-dance, 192;
• in morris-dance, 196;
• in St. George play, 214.
• Gubbio, Ceri procession at, i. 119.
• Guenever, her Maying, i. 179.
• Guilds, of minstrels, i. 55, ii. 258;
• for Feast of Fools, i. 373;
• religious and miracle-plays, ii. 87, 118;
• and secular plays, 198.
• See Corpus Christi Guilds, Craft-guilds, Puys, Sociétés joyeuses.
• Guiraut de Riquier, his Supplicatio, i. 63.
• Guisers, i. 227, 402.
• Gunpowder day, i. 115.
• Guy Fawkes, his day, i. 248, 253, 255.
• Gwyl, i. 231.
• Gyst-ale, i. 179.
• Hale, Adan de la, his jeux, i. 171, 381.
• Halls, interludes in, ii. 188.
• Hare, a divine animal, i. 131.
• Harlots, the, a theatre at Constantinople, i. 16.
• Harp, used by minstrels, i. 73.
• Harrowing of Hell, an estrif, i. 80, 83, ii. 74.
• Harrowing of Hell, in Easter drama, ii. 73.
• Harvest festival, i. 111, 114.
• Harvest field, sacrificial customs of, i. 158.
• Harvest-lords, i. 143.
• Harvest-May, i. 117, 250.
• Hastiludia, i. 392.
• ‘Haxey hood,’ on Epiphany, i. 150.
• Heads of sacrificed animals worn by worshippers, i. 132;
• in folk-custom, 141, 258, 268, 327, 385, 391, &c.
• Hearse, i. 277.
• Heat-charms. See Sun-charms.
• Heathenism, its survival in folk-custom, i. 94, ii. 290, &c.
• Heaven-god, i. 105.
• ‘Heaving,’ at Easter, i. 157.
• Hell, Harrowing of, in Easter drama, ii. 73.
• Hell, representation of, in miracle-plays, ii. 86, 137, 142.
• Heralds of summer, i. 110.
• Hereward, Saxon lays of, i. 43, 76.
• Herman, Guillaume, unedited play by, ii. 152.
• Herod, drama of. See Stella.
• Herod, how acted in miracle-plays, ii. 48, 57, 90, 139.
• Herodas, his mimes, i. 2.
• Herodias, i. 109.
• Herodis Convivium, liturgical play of, ii. 61.
• Heroic lays sung by minstrels, i. 62.
• Herrad von Landsberg, on Feast of Fools, i. 318;
• on miracle-plays, ii. 98.
• Heywood, John, his interludes, ii. 196, 203, 443.
• Hickscorner, ii. 200, 453.
• Higden, Randulph, probable author of Chester Plays, ii. 145, 352.
• Higgs, Griffin, his Christmas Prince, i. 408.
• Hilarius, his liturgical plays, ii. 57, 107.
• Hills, cults on, i. 107, 129.
• Histrio, classical sense of, i. 6. See Minstrels.
• Hiver et de l’Été, Débat de l’, i. 80, 187.
• Hobby-horse, i. 142, 196, 214, 258.
• Hockey, at folk-festivals, i. 149, 157.
• Hocking, i. 155.
• ‘Hockney day’ at Hungerford, i. 156.
• Hock-tide, i. 154, 187, ii. 264.
• Hodie cantandus, a Christmas trope, ii. 8.
• Hogmanay, i. 254.
• Holly, as fertilization spirit, i. 251.
• Holophernes, alleged play of, ii. 196.
• Holophernes, his part in folk-drama, i. 202, 219, 221.
• Holy Rood legend in miracle-plays, ii. 127.
• Holy water, i. 124.
• Holy wells, i. 122.
• ‘Honour,’ minstrels of, i. 54.
• Hood of fools, i. 308, 384.
• Hood, Robin, in May-game, i. 174;
• origin of, 175;
• plays on, 177;
• in morris-dance, 195;
• in St. George play, 216;
• as lord of misrule, ii. 334.
• ‘Hooding,’ i. 253.
• ‘Horn-dance’ at Abbot’s Bromley, i. 166.
• Horses, sacrificed by Teutons, i. 131;
• let blood on St. Stephen’s day, 257.
• Hortulanus scene in Quem quaeritis, ii. 31.
• Household, minstrels in, i. 48;
• fool in, 386;
• players in, ii. 186.
• House-spirits fed at New Year, i. 266.
• How many Miles to Babylon, i. 152.
• Howards, extracts from accounts of, ii. 255.
• Hrotsvitha, plays of, ii. 207.
• Humanist influence on drama, ii. 181, 206, 214.
• Humanity, represented in moralities, ii. 155.
• Human sacrifice, its meaning, i. 133;
• abolition of, 136;
• traces of, in folk-festivals, 143, 260, &c.
• Hunt, Christmas, at Inner Temple, i. 415.
• Hunters, religion of, i. 106.
• ‘Husbands’ of miracle-play, ii. 119.
• Iiuleis, i. 230.
• Images, origin of, i. 259.
• Impatient Poverty, ii. 461.
• Imperator, lord of misrule, i. 413.
• Indian earth-goddess, her festival, i. 149, ii. 266.
• Inductio Autumni, i. 91.
• Inductio Maii, i. 91, 172.
• Infanterie Dijonnaise, i. 373, 384.
• Ingelend, Thomas, his Disobedient Child, ii. 214, 223, 457.
• Innocent III, against Feast of Fools, i. 279, 337, ii. 99.
• Innocents’ day, i. 247, 260, 344.
• See Boy Bishop.
• Inns, interludes in, ii. 189.
• Inns of Court, revels at, i. 413;
• interludes at, ii. 194.
• Interlude, a form of disguising, i. 400;
• origin and meaning of name, ii. 181;
• chiefly applied to domestic plays, 183;
• characteristics of, 188;
• public performances of, 189;
• by villagers, 192;
• by inns of court, 194;
• in universities, 194;
• in schools, 195;
• subject-matter of, 199;
• controversial use of, 216;
• state regulation of, 220, 225;
• inheritance of Elizabethan stage from, 224.
• Interludentes, ii. 186, 233.
• Interludes, players of, ii. 179.
• See Actors.
• Interludium de Clerico et Puella, i. 86, ii. 181, 202;
• text of, 324.
• Interlusores, ii. 186, 233.
• Introit, tropes to, ii. 8.
• Ioculator Regis, i. 68.
• Ioculatores, ii. 230.
• See Minstrels.
• Iron, not taken from house at New Year, i. 238, 269.
• Isaac and Rebecca, liturgical play on, ii. 60.
• Italy, special developments of mediaeval drama in, ii. 91.
• Iubilus, ii. 7.
• Ivy, as fertilization spirit, i. 251.
• ‘Jack i’ the green,’ i. 117.
• Jack Juggler, ii. 457.
• ‘Jack o’ Lent,’ i. 186.
• ‘Jack Straw,’ at Lincoln’s Inn Christmas, i. 414.
• Jape, i. 84.
• Jerome, St., and theatre, i. 17, 25.
• Jesters, i. 68, 386.
• Jeu de la Feuillée, i. 381.
• Jeu de Robin et Marion, i. 171.
• Jeu du Pèlerin, i. 171.
• Jeunesse, prince de la, i. 373.
• Jevons, F. B., on human sacrifice, i. 135.
• Jocs-partitz (jeux-partis), i. 78.
• Joglars, i. 63.
• John Baptist of Bale, ii. 448.
• John Baptist, St., his day, i. 126, 241;
• sacre rappresentazioni on, at Florence, ii. 94.
• John Evangelist, St., his day, i. 247;
• feast of priests on, 336.
• ‘John Jack,’ in St. George play, i. 215.
• John, Tib, and Sir John of Heywood, ii. 445.
• Jordan, W., his Creation of the World, ii. 435.
• Jougleurs. See Minstrels.
• Jugglers, i. 68, 71, ii. 231.
• Julian Hospitator, St., patron of minstrels, i. 42.
• Julian the Apostate, play of, ii. 132.
• Julian, the Emperor, his dislike of the theatre, i. 10;
• his cult of the Sun, 235.
• Justinian, code of, theatrical legislation in, i. 14, 16.
• Kalends, of January, the New Year feast of the Roman Empire, i. 237;
• hostility of Church to, 244, ii. 290;
• relation of, to Christmas, i. 246;
• customs of, 250, 262, 266;
• cervulus at, 258;
• survival of, in Feast of Fools, 329.
• Keltic minstrels, i. 76.
• Kelts and Teutons, their common civilization, i. 100.
• ‘Kern-baby,’ i. 117.
• King, why slain at festivals, i. 134.
• ‘King-ale,’ i. 179.
• ‘King-game,’ varying sense of, i. 173.
• King John, of Bale, ii. 221, 449.
• King of Egypt, in St. George play, i. 217.
• Kings, mock, in folk-custom, i. 143, 260;
• in singing games, 152, 165;
• at May-games, 173;
• at Saturnalia, 236;
• at Feast of Fools, 326;
• as Boy Bishops, 368;
• of Sociétés joyeuses, 373;
• as lords of misrule, 403.
• See Rex.
• Kirchmayer, his plays, ii. 217.
• Kite, Bishop, as actor, ii. 193.
• Kölbigk, dancers of, i. 162, 272.
• Laberius, a mimograph, i. 4, 9.
• Lâc, i. 160.
• ‘Lady’ at folk-festivals, i. 173.
• Lais, i. 74.
• ‘Lamb-ale,’ i. 179.
• Lammas-tide, i. 114.
• Laneham, Robert, his account of Hock Tuesday, i. 154, ii. 264.
• Langland, William, against minstrels, i. 41.
• Langton, Stephen, unedited play by, ii. 152.
• ‘Largess,’ i. 158.
• Larvae. See Masks.
• Lath, sword of, worn by fool, i. 387.
• Latin, known to minstrels, i. 60.
• Laudesi, ii. 92.
• Lazarus, liturgical plays on, ii. 58, 60.
• Legends in miracle-plays, ii. 126.
• Liberius, not founder of Christmas, i. 239.
• Libertas Decembrica, i. 236.
• Limoges, liturgical dramas at, ii. 44, 45, 53, 61.
• ‘Little Devil Dout,’ in St. George play, i. 215.
• Liturgical drama, origin of, in tropes, ii. 7;
• at Easter, 27;
• at Christmas, 41;
• later developments of, 57;
• passes into miracle-play, 69;
• in England, 107.
• See Peregrini, Prophetae, Quem quaeritis, Stella.
• Liturgy, dramatic element in, ii. 3.
• Loca of religious plays, ii. 79, 83, 136.
• Lord mayor’s show, ii. 165.
• Lord of misrule. See Misrule, lord of.
• Lord’s Prayer, plays of. See Paternoster plays.
• Loschi, his Achilleis, ii. 212.
• Love, as motif of folk-song, i. 169.
• Love, of Heywood, ii. 444.
• Lucas de Barre, blinded for minstrelsy, i. 46;
• a trouvère, 64.
• Lucrece, an interlude, ii. 458.
• Ludi of folk, attacked by thirteenth-century bishops, i. 90;
• their loose morals, 93;
• their heathen origin, 94.
• Ludi regis, i. 393.
• Ludi theatrales, in churches, condemned, i. 342, ii. 100.
• Ludus, meaning of term, i. 393, ii. 104.
• Ludus Coventriae, ii. 124, 126, 145, 146, 152, 416.
• Ludus de Rege et Regina, i. 91, 172.
• Ludus Septem Sapientum of Ausonius, ii. 212.
• Lugnassad, i. 111, 231.
• Luke, St., his day, i. 247.
• Lusor, meaning of term, ii. 185, 233.
• Lusty Juventus of R. Wever, ii. 223, 460.
• Lusus Troiae, i. 203.
• Luther in interludes, ii. 219.
• Lutheran drama, ii. 216.
• Lydgate, his devices for mummings, i. 396;
• claimed as author of miracle-plays, ii. 145;
• his verses for Corpus Christi, 161.
• Lyndsay, Sir David, his play, ii. 157, 441.
• Macro manuscript of plays, ii. 155, 436.
• Magdalen, St. Mary, in religious drama, ii. 32, 60, 75, 90, 131, 155.
• Magdalen College, Oxford, extracts from accounts of, ii. 248.
• Magi, drama of. See Stella.
• Magic and religion, i. 102;
• ‘sympathetic’ and ‘mimetic,’ 121.
• Magnificence of John Skelton, ii. 157, 441.
• Magnus, plays of, ii. 207.
• Maid Marian, relation of, to Robin Hood legend, i. 175;
• in morris-dance, 195.
• Maierolles, i. 168.
• Maistre, title for minstrels, i. 47.
• ‘Making Christ’s bed,’ i. 187.
• Mankind, ii. 155, 438.
• Mannyng, Robert, of Brunne, against minstrels, i. 40;
• against folk-ludi, 93;
• against interludes, ii. 182.
• Marescallus, title for minstrels, i. 50, ii. 239.
• Margaret, St., in St. George ridings, i. 223.
• Marham, ‘abbot’ of, at Shrewsbury, i. 173, 383, ii. 252.
• Marienklagen, ii. 40.
• Marion, and Robin, in pastourelles, i. 171.
• Marionnettes, i. 71, ii. 158.
• Mark, St., his day, i. 114.
• Market place, miracle-plays in, ii. 135.
• Marotte of fool, i. 385.
• ‘Marriage’ of fruit-trees, i. 250.
• Marriage of heaven and earth, i. 105, 144, 187.
• Marseilles, forbids mimes, i. 7.
• Martin, St., his day, i. 230, 247, 256;
• as gift-giver, 268.
• Masks, in folk-processions, i. 258;
• in Feast of Fools, 327;
• sacrificial origin of, 391;
• sale of, forbidden, 396.
• Masques, at Christmas, i. 391;
• development of mummings, 401;
• origin of name, 402.
• Mass, dramatic character of, ii. 3.
• Matres, i. 231, 264.
• Mattacino, i. 191.
• Maundy Thursday, dramatic ceremony on, ii. 6.
• Maxstoke Priory, extracts from accounts of, ii. 244.
• May-brides, i. 144.
• May-day, origin of, i. 114;
• its customs, 116, 126, 140, 173, &c.;
• songs of, 168.
• May-game, early notices of, i. 173;
• nature of, 176;
• plays in, 177;
• dances at, 178;
• decay of, 179;
• morris-dance in, 196.
• May-garland, i. 117.
• May-kings, i. 143.
• May-poles, i. 117;
• destroyed at Reformation, 180.
• May-queens, i. 144.
• Mayors, mock, i. 261.
• Mead, i. 133.
• Medwall, Henry, his plays, ii. 200, 443.
• Mehlweib, in sword-dance, i. 192.
• Mercator in Quem quaeritis, ii. 33, 75, 91.
• Meriasek, St., play of, ii. 132, 435.
• Messe à liesse, i. 304.
• Methodius, dialogues of, ii. 206.
• Michael III, his riots at Constantinople, i. 327.
• Michaelmas, i. 114, 247.
• Midsummer day, i. 114, 126;
• ‘watches’ on, 118, ii. 165.
• Mimae play naked at Floralia, i. 5.
• Mime, a type of farce, in Magna Graecia, i. 2;
• in Roman world, 4.
• Mimi, players in mimes, i. 6;
• type of, preserved in minstrelsy, 24, 65, ii. 232;
• their modes of entertainment, i. 70;
• farces possibly played by, in Middle Ages, 83.
• Mind, Will, and Understanding, ii. 155, 438.
• Minni, i. 98, 133, 229, 267.
• Minorites, taken for minstrels, i. 57.
• Minot, Laurence, i. 76.
• Minstrels, origin in Latin mimus and Teutonic scôp, i. 25, 33, 58;
• disrepute with Saxon churchmen, 31;
• with Frankish churchmen, 35;
• with mediaeval church, 38;
• their sense of their own infamia, 42;
• their life in mediaeval England, 44;
• its seamy side, 48;
• in households, 48;
• origin of name, 48;
• their testimonials, 53;
• legal restrictions on their movements, 54;
• partial toleration of them by the church, 55;
• classification of, by Thomas de Cabham, 59;
• professional distinctions amongst, 62;
• distinction between composer and executant appears amongst, 63;
• many-sidedness of, 66;
• decay of, at invention of printing, 68;
• various modes of entertainment by, 70;
• dramatic tendencies amongst, 77;
• at miracle-plays, ii. 140;
• become interlude-players, 186;
• various names for, 230;
• hierarchy of, 238;
• guilds of, 258;
• courts of, 259.
• Miracle-plays, development of, from liturgical plays, ii. 79;
• attitude of Church to, 97;
• names for, 103;
• early notices of, in England, 108;
• wide range of, 109, 121;
• disliked by Lollards and Reformers, 111;
• revived under Mary, 112;
• extinction of, 112;
• organization of, 113;
• processional type of, 133;
• where played, 134;
• pageants of, 136;
• time of playing, 138;
• dates for, 138;
• style of acting in, 139;
• properties of, 141;
• books of, 143;
• authorship of, 144;
• interrelations of, 146;
• folk-elements in, 147;
• liturgical survivals in, 148;
• later developments from, 149;
• allegory in, 151;
• given in halls, 184;
• by travelling companies, 184;
• relation of interludes to, 191, 205.
• See Corpus Christi, Craft-guilds, Cycles, Guilds, Municipalities, Parish plays, &c.
• Miracula. See Miracle-plays.
• Misrule, lord of, at folk-festivals, i. 173, 260;
• at English and Scottish courts, 403;
• George Ferrers as, 405;
• at universities, 407;
• at inns of court, 413;
• in private households, 418.
• See also Abbot, Christmas Prince, Kings.
• Missa Praesanctificatorum, ii. 17.
• Missel des Fous at Sens, i. 279.
• Mistletoe, as fertilization spirit, i. 251.
• Mithraism, i. 235, 242.
• Mock bishops. See Bishops of Fools, Boy Bishops.
• Mock fights in folk-custom, i. 187.
• Mock kings, mayors. See Kings, Mayors.
• Modranicht, i. 231, 265.
• Moors, in morris-dance, i. 199.
• Moral licence of folk-festivals, i. 145.
• Moralities, origins of, ii. 151;
• themes of, 153;
• mode of representing, 156;
• in interlude form, 199;
• list of extant, 436.
• More, Sir Thomas, his love of plays, ii. 193.
• Morris-dance, in England, i. 195;
• relation to May-game, 179, 196;
• in Europe, 198;
• origin of name, 199;
• identity of, with sword-dance, 200;
• in St. George play, 219.
• Mother-goddess, i. 105.
• ‘Motions,’ ii. 158.
• Mummers, at modern Christmas, i. 227, 402.
• Mummers’ play. See St. George play.
• Mummings, nature and origin of, i. 393;
• devices for, by Lydgate, 396;
• pageants in, 397, 399;
• development into masques, 401.
• Mundus et Infans, ii. 155, 439.
• Municipal minstrels, or waits, i. 51.
• Municipal plays, origin of, in fourteenth century, ii. 109;
• under control of corporation, 114;
• maintenance of, 115. See Craft-guilds.
• Music in minstrelsy, i. 73.
• Mussato, his Ecerinis, ii. 211.
• Mystères mimés, ii. 173.
• Mystery-play, meaning of term, ii. 105.
• Myth in folk-songs, i. 169.
• Nakedness, of mimae at Floralia, i. 5;
• at Feast of Fools, 327;
• how represented in miracle-plays, ii. 142.
• Narr, in sword-dance, i. 192.
• Narrative literature of minstrels, i. 74.
• Nativity. See Christmas.
• Nature of Medwall, ii. 200, 443.
• Nebuchadnezzar, episode of, in Prophetae, ii. 55.
• ‘Neck,’ at harvest, i. 117.
• Necromantia, ii. 455.
• ‘Need-fire,’ i. 127.
• Nehellenia, i. 109.
• Neo-Latin drama, ii. 216.
• Nero appears in theatre, i. 9.
• Nerthus, i. 108, 118, 122.
• Neumae, ii. 7.
• ‘New’ fire, i. 229.
• ‘New’ water, at New Year, i. 255.
• New Year, at beginning of winter, i. 228;
• on January Kalends, 237;
• at Christmas, Annunciation, Easter, 246;
• customs of, at Christmas, 246;
• at other winter feasts, 247;
• festival customs of, 249;
• fertilization spirit at, 250;
• water and fire rites at, 255;
• sacrifice at, 256;
• mock kings at, 260;
• domestic feast at, 262;
• dead commemorated at, 263;
• omens at, 269;
• play at, 272;
• ecclesiastical revels at, 275.
• See Kalends.
• Newcastle, plays at, ii. 424.
• Nice Wanton, ii. 223, 460.
• Nicholas, St., in sword-dance, i. 195;
• his day, 232, 247;
• patron of children and schools, 263, 369;
• as gift-giver, 268;
• relation of Boy Bishop to, 363, 369;
• religious plays on, ii. 59, 132.
• Nigramansir, alleged play of, by Skelton, ii. 440.
• Nigremance, i. 71.
• Njordr, i. 108.
• Noëls, i. 272.
• ‘Noise,’ Sneak’s, in Eastcheap, i. 69.
• Norwich, plays at, ii. 425.
• Notker Labeo translates Terence, ii. 207.
• Nuts in May, i. 189.
• Oats and Beans and Barley, i. 189.
• Obstetrices in liturgical drama, ii. 41, 46, 126.
• Odin, i. 108, 264.
• ‘Oes,’ i. 344.
• Officium, term for religious play, ii. 103.
• Officium Circumcisionis, i. 280, 289, 297, ii. 279.
• ‘Old Father Christmas,’ in St. George play, i. 216.
• Omens for New Year, i. 238, 250, 266, 269.
• ‘Open the Door,’ in St. George play, i. 216.
• Oranges and Lemons, i. 151.
• Ordinale, book of miracle-play, ii. 143.
• ‘Ordinary,’ prompter, ii. 140.
• Ordo, term for religious play, ii. 103.
• ‘Originals,’ books of miracle-plays, ii. 114, 143.
• Orosius, his attack on the theatre, i. 18.
• Owls, sacrifice of, i. 257.
• ‘Pace-eggers,’ and St. George play, i. 226.
• Paedonomus, lord of misrule, i. 413.
• ‘Pageant-masters,’ ii. 116.
• Pageants, for miracle-plays, ii. 95, 115, 133;
• structure of, 136;
• in processions, 161;
• in royal entries, 166;
• in masques, i. 398, ii. 176.
• ‘Pagent pencys,’ ii. 116.
• ‘Pajaunt silver,’ ii. 116.
• Palm Sunday, i. 114;
• dramatic ceremonies on, ii. 4.
• Palmesel, i. 333, ii. 5.
• Palsgrave, John, his Acolastus, ii. 459.
• Pammachius of Kirchmayer, ii. 195, 217, 220, 224.
• Pantomimi, i. 6, 23.
• Parade of minstrels, i. 72, 85.
• Parcae, table laid for, at New Year, i. 266.
• Pardoner and the Friar, The, of Heywood, ii. 444.
• Parish clerks, their plays in London, ii. 119.
• Parish plays, frequency of, ii. 109, 121;
• organization of, 121;
• decay of, 191.
• Passion, dramatic recitation of, ii. 5.
• Passion play, begins in Good Friday planctus, ii. 40;
• development of, 75;
• in England, 129.
• Pastores, a Christmas liturgical play, abuses of, i. 343;
• origin and absorption of, ii. 41.
• Pastourelles, i. 78, 171.
• Paternoster plays, ii. 120, 154.
• Patriarch of Fools, i. 303, 326, 329. See Feast of Fools.
• Pauli Conversio, liturgical play of, ii. 61.
• Pèlerin, Jeu du, i. 85.
• Perchta, i. 109, 264, 266.
• Percy, bishop, his view of minstrelsy, i. 66.
• Peregrini, an Easter liturgical drama, ii. 36, 107.
• Personnages, joueurs de, ii. 198.
• Pestilence, charms for, i. 127, 140.
• Petrarch, his Philologia, ii. 212.
• Pfingstl, in folk-drama, i. 185.
• Philistion, his mimes, i. 4.
• Pickle Herring, i. 208.
• Pilate, in religious drama, ii. 38, 139.
• Planctus, in religious drama, ii. 33, 40, 44, 75, 129.
• Platea, in religious plays, ii. 80, 135.
• ‘Play,’ in sense of ‘jest,’ i. 84.
• Play, instinct of, i. 147;
• at village festivals, 147;
• at New Year, 272.
• Play-books, ii. 143.
• ‘Player,’ meaning of term, ii. 185, 233.
• Player-chambers, ii. 188.
• Players. See Actors.
• Plays. See Comedy, Drama, Interludes, Liturgical Drama, Miracle-plays, Moralities, Passion plays, St. George play, Tragedy, &c.
• Plough Monday, i. 114, 121, 150, 209;
• folk-plays on, 207.
• See Ship processions.
• Ploughing charm of Anglo-Saxons, i. 108, 167.
• Ploughing festival, i. 111, 114.
• Politics, in minstrelsy, i. 45, 76;
• in interludes, ii. 219.
• Polytheism, origin of, i. 107.
• Pope of Fools, i. 302, 326.
• See Feast of Fools.
• Praesepe. See Crib.
• Praestigiatores, i. 7, 71.
• Prayer in folk-song, i. 167;
• at end of interludes, ii. 189.
• Pre-Aryan elements in folk-lore, i. 101.
• Pride of Life, ii. 155, 436.
• Priests, feast of, on St. John’s day, i. 336.
• Printing, the ruin of minstrelsy, i. 68.
• Prisio, a sacrificial forfeit, i. 156, 298.
• Privy council, plays regulated by, ii. 223, 225.
• Procession noire, at Evreux, i. 378.
• Processional dances, i. 164.
• Processional miracle-plays, ii. 95, 133, 160.
• Processions, at folk-festivals, i. 118, ii. 165;
• at Kalends, 237;
• at Feast of Fools, 327;
• at religious feasts, i. 222, ii. 160;
• in cities, 165;
• called ‘pageants,’ 176.
• See Corpus Christi procession, Ridings.
• ‘Prodigal Son’ motive in drama, ii. 217.
• Prompters, ii. 140, 144.
• ‘Properties’ of miracle-plays, ii. 141.
• Prophet, on Palm Sunday, ii. 5.
• Prophetae, liturgical drama of, and Feast of Fools, i. 109, ii. 56;
• origin and development of, ii. 52, 70;
• in England, 67, 107.
• Prosae, i. 277, ii. 8.
• ‘Prose of the Ass,’ i. 282, 284, 287, 309, 312, 329, 331;
• text of, ii. 279.
• Publilius Syrus, a mimograph, i. 4.
• Pulcinella, ii. 159.
• Pulpita, ii. 135.
• Punch and Judy, ii. 159.
• Punishments, survivals of folk-custom in, i. 152.
• Puppet-shows, i. 71, ii. 157.
• Puritans, dislike minstrelsy, i. 41;
• dislike May-day, 168, 180;
• dislike sepulchrum, ii. 24;
• dislike miracle-plays, 103, 111;
• dislike interludes, 99, 111, 216.
• Purpoole, Prince of, at Gray’s Inn, i. 416.
• Puy, a bourgeois institution, i. 65;
• minstrels in, i. 376, ii. 258;
• relation of, to Feast of Fools, i. 376;
• in London, i. 376, ii. 198;
• secular plays acted by, i. 172, 376, ii. 197;
• miracle-plays acted by, ii. 87.
• Pyrrhicha, i. 7, 203.
• Quack. See Doctor.
• ‘Queen’ at folk-festivals, i. 170, 173, 261.
• Quem quaeritis, an Easter trope, ii. 9;
• at Winchester, 12;
• becomes a drama, 15, 306;
• relation of, to Easter sepulchre, 16, 25;
• a Visitatio sepulchri, 25;
• precedes Te Deum at Matins, 26;
• varieties of custom, 26;
• texts of, 26;
• doubtful origin of, 27;
• diffusion of, 27;
• development of, 28;
• Victimae paschali in, 29;
• the Maries scenes, 30;
• the Apostles scene, 30;
• the risen Christ or Hortulanus scene, 31;
• planctus in, 32;
• unguentarius in, 33;
• staging of, 34;
• remains part of liturgy, 35;
• folk and religious Easter motives in, 36;
• in England, 107;
• text of Dublin version, 315.
• Querolus, ii. 207.
• Quêtes, at folk-festivals, i. 119, 156, 176, 209, 217, 253, 257, 263, &c.;
• songs for, 168;
• by Boy Bishop, 356, ii. 287;
• for miracle-plays, ii. 117.
• Rabardiaux, procession of, at Laon, i. 303.
• Races, at folk-festivals, i. 148.
• Rachel, liturgical drama of, ii. 44.
• Radclif, Ralph, plays by, ii. 196, 205, 218.
• Raherus, a minstrel, founds St. Bartholomew’s, i. 48.
• Rain-charms, i. 103, 121, 255, 327.
• ‘Ram-raisings,’ at folk-festivals, i. 91, 148.
• Rastell, John, his stage at Finsbury, ii. 183;
• his Nature of the Four Elements, 200, 453.
• Ravisius Textor, his dialogues, ii. 214.
• Reading, the habit of, a rival to minstrelsy, i. 65, 68;
• plays used for, ii. 186.
• Reconciliation of the Heavenly Virtues, a theme of moralities, ii. 152.
• Redford, John, his Wit and Science, ii. 200, 454.
• Refectory, religious plays in, ii. 86.
• Reformation, controversial use of drama at, ii. 216. See Puritans.
• Refrain in folk-songs, i. 171.
• Registrum, ii. 143.
• Religion, of Kelto-Teutons, its origin, i. 99;
• and magic, 102;
• higher elements of, 146.
• Religious controversy in interludes, ii. 216.
• Remember us poor Mayers all, i. 169.
• Repraesentatio, term for religious play, ii. 104, 210.
• Representations of miracle-plays, list of, ii. 329.
• Responsorium, nature of, ii. 6.
• Respublica, ii. 460.
• Resurrection, treatment of, in Easter drama, ii. 38, 73;
• plays on, in England, 129.
• See Quem quaeritis, Peregrini.
• Resurrection motive, in folk-drama, i. 185;
• in sword-dance, 207;
• in St. George play, 213, 218.
• Revels, at court, i. 393;
• master of, 399, 404.
• Revesby, Plow Boys’ play at, i. 207.
• Rex, of minstrels, i. 50, ii. 232, 238, 259;
• aestivalis, 173;
• Saturnalitius, 236.
• See Kings.
• ‘Riding the stang,’ i. 152.
• ‘Ridings,’ on festivals, i. 221, ii. 160.
• ‘Risin’ and buryin’ Peter,’ i. 187.
• Ritson, Joseph, his view of minstrelsy, i. 66.
• Ritwise, John, ii. 196, 215, 219.
• ‘Robene hude,’ a dance, i. 178.
• Robert of Sicily, plays on, ii. 151, 205.
• Robin and Marion, in pastourelles, i. 171, 175.
• Robin Conscience, ii. 461.
• Robin Hood, in May-game, i. 174;
• legend of, 175;
• plays on, 177, ii. 205.
• Robin Hood’s ale, i. 179.
• Rogations, i. 114, 119.
• Roi. See Rex.
• Roi d’Angleterre, et le Jougleur d’Ely, Le, i. 85.
• Roister Doister of Udall, ii. 215, 452.
• Romance, in interludes, ii. 205.
• Romans d’aventure, i. 74.
• Rondes, i. 165.
• Roo, Thomas, play by, ii. 194, 219.
• ‘Room,’ in St. George play, i. 216.
• Round the Mulberry Bush, i. 189.
• Rounds, for miracle-plays, ii. 85, 123, 135.
• Royal household. See Household.
• Royal Oak day, i. 115.
• Rushbearing, i. 114, 168.
• Rutebeuf, a typical minstrel, i. 48, 65;
• his Chariot et le Barbier, 79;
• his Dit de l’Erberie, 83, 85.
• Sabra, in St. George play, i. 217.
• Sacci, in Twelve nights, i. 215, 268.
• Sacrament, Croxton play of, ii. 133, 427.
• Sacre rappresentazioni, ii. 92.
• Sacrifice, attitude of Christianity to, i. 98;
• types of, 130;
• ceremonies at, 132, ii. 266;
• survivals of, in folk-custom, i. 139, 256;
• at beginning of winter, 229;
• in athletics, 148;
• in singing games, 151;
• in forfeits, 157;
• in sword-dance, 203;
• in St. George play, 218;
• heads and skins of victims, worn by worshippers at, 166, 258, 385, 391.
• See Masks.
• Saint Gall, song-school of, i. 338.
• Saint Magnus’ church, Kölbigk, legend of dancers at, i. 162.
• Saint Paul’s, two schools at, and their plays, ii. 196, 203, 219.
• Saints, legends of, sung by minstrels, i. 62;
• religious plays on, ii. 97, 123, 132.
• Salii, dance of, i. 203.
• Saltatores, i. 71.
• Samhain, i. 111, 230, 234.
• Satura, early type of Italian farce, i. 2.
• Saturnalia, i. 235, 330.
• Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis of Sir David Lyndsay, ii. 157, 441.
• ‘Sawing the Old Woman,’ i. 183.
• Scaffolds for miracle-plays, ii. 136.
• Scapegoat, i. 184.
• Scenic arrangements of religious plays, ii, 79, 83.
• School-drama of humanists, ii. 214.
• Schoolmaster, his influence on folk-drama. See Holophernes.
• Schools, Boy Bishop in, i. 362, 413;
• interludes in, ii. 195;
• recitations in, during Middle Ages, 212.
• Schul-Bischof, i. 369.
• Scilling, a scôp, i. 29.
• Scogan, John, his comoediae, ii. 211.
• Scolae ministrallorum, i. 53.
• Scolares vagantes. See Goliardi.
• Scôp, of Teutons, i. 25, 34;
• relation of, to comitatus, 27;
• in England, 28.
• Scotales, i. 91.
• Scurra, ii. 233.
• Secular plays, on lines of miracle-plays, ii. 150.
• Secularization of religious drama, ii. 69.
• Sedes of religious plays, ii. 79, 83, 136.
• Seneca, his tragedies, i. 3;
• at Renascence, ii. 211, 216.
• Sepulchre at Easter, in Concordia Regularis, ii. 16;
• doubtful origin of, 18;
• vogue of, in England, 19;
• varying ceremonies of, 19;
• host laid in, 21;
• structure of, 21;
• light and watch before, 23;
• at Reformation, 24;
• at Durham, 310;
• at Salisbury, 312.
• Sequentiae, ii. 8.
• Sermons joyeuses, i. 381, ii. 157, 203.
• Seven Champions of Christendom, in sword-dance, i. 194;
• in St. George play, 220.
• Sex-costume, change of, at festivals, i. 144, 214, 216, 218, 238, 262, 327, &c.
• Sexagesimal calendar. See Three-score-day-tide calendar.
• Sex-cults, i. 105, 144, 159.
• Shakespeare, folk-lore of, in Hamlet, i. 267;
• his fools, 388.
• Shaven heads of minstrels, i. 45.
• ‘Ship,’ for play of Noah, ii. 136.
• Ship processions, i. 121;
• play on Noah attached to, ii. 119, 131.
• Shoes, capture of, i. 157.
• ‘Shows’ of craft-guilds, ii. 162.
• Shrewsbury, fragments of religious plays found at, ii. 90;
• extracts from corporation accounts of, 250.
• Shrovetide, i. 114, 150, 157, 163, 382, &c.
• See Carnival.
• Sibyl, in Prophetae, ii. 53.
• Sidney, Philip, moved by minstrelsy, i. 69.
• Sigillaria, i. 236.
• Signs of Judgement, ii. 53.
• Singing games, survival of sacrifice in, i. 151;
• dance in, 165;
• drama in, 189.
• Sir Roger de Coverley, a dance, i. 165.
• Skalds, of Scandinavia, i. 43.
• Skelton, John, his plays, ii. 157, 440.
• ‘Skimmington riding,’ i. 153.
• Skins, ceremonial wearing of. See Sacrifice.
• ‘Slasher,’ in St. George play, i. 212.
• Sleeping Beauty, i. 187.
• Smith, John, his Destruction of Jerusalem, ii. 132, 145.
• Smith, W. Robertson, on sacrifice, i. 130, 135.
• Sociétés joyeuses, i. 373;
• at summer feasts, 377;
• and charivari, 153, 379;
• play farces, sotties, sermons joyeuses, 379;
• traces of, in England, 383.
• Sol Invictus, i. 234;
• feast of, chosen for Christmas, 238, 241.
• Solstices, unknown to Germano-Kelts, i. 113, 228;
• feast on, at Rome, 234;
• relation to Christian feasts, 241.
• Somebody, Avarice, and Minister, ii. 223, 461.
• Song, relation of, to dance, i. 161;
• at folk-festivals, 163;
• motifs of, 166;
• at Christmas, 273.
• See Caroles, Chansons.
• Songs in miracle-plays, ii. 140, 144.
• Sophron, his mimes, i. 2.
• Sotelties, i. 224, ii. 397.
• Sots. See Fools.
• Sotties, i. 381, ii. 203.
• ‘Souling,’ i. 253.
• Sources of miracle-plays, ii. 126.
• Spectacula, a preoccupation of Roman Empire, i. 3, 13, 16, 19, 21.
• See Actors, Drama, Theatre.
• Speculum Stultorum of Wireker, i. 382.
• Spirits, cult of, in primitive religion, i. 103;
• evil, expulsion of, 184;
• wanderings of, in Twelve nights, 267.
• Sponsus, liturgical play of, ii. 61.
• Spring, distinguished from summer, i. 111;
• savour of, in folk-song, 167;
• symbolized in folk-drama, 183, 219.
• Sprinkling at folk-festivals, i. 122.
• ‘Squire,’ name for ‘fool,’ i. 142, 198.
• Squire minstrel, ii. 239, 263.
• ‘Squire’s son,’ i. 194.
• Squirrels, sacrifice of, i. 257.
• Stage of miracle-plays, ii. 85, 136.
• ‘Standing’ play, ii. 134.
• ‘Stang,’ i. 152.
• ‘Star,’ at Epiphany, ii. 44.
• Stationary miracle-plays, ii. 122, 134.
• ‘Stations’ for miracle-plays, ii. 115, 138.
• Statutes of Labourers, effect of, on minstrelsy, i. 54.
• Stella, liturgical drama of, at Epiphany, ii. 44;
• absorbs Rachel and Pastores, 48;
• textual development of, 51;
• a dramatized offertorium, 52;
• later forms of, 69, 129;
• merged with Prophetae, 72.
• Stephen, St., his day, i. 247;
• feast of deacons on, 336.
• Stercatherus, in sword-dance, i. 195.
• Stevenson, William, probable author of Gammer Gurton’s Needle, ii. 195, 216, 457.
• Strenae, i. 238, 250, 253, 263, 268, 271.
• Stulti. See Fools.
• Stultorum feriae, i. 335.
• Sub-deacons, feast of, i. 323, 335.
• See Fools, Feast of.
• Sumer is icumen in, i. 168.
• Summer, beginning of, i. 110;
• festivals of, 114, 126, 173;
• in folk-drama, 183;
• sociétés joyeuses in, 377.
• Summer-kings, i. 143, 173.
• See Kings.
• Summoning of Everyman. See Everyman.
• Sun, dance of, at Easter, i. 129;
• cults of, at Rome, 234.
• Sun-charms, i. 121, 124, 255.
• Suscitatio Lazari, liturgical plays of, ii. 58, 60.
• Sword-dance, historic notices of, i. 190, ii. 270;
• range of, in British isles, i. 192;
• rhymes and personages of, 192, ii. 272;
• identity of, with morris-dance, i. 195;
• sacrificial rather than military, 201;
• figures of, 203;
• mock death in, 206;
• continuity of, with folk-dramas, 207;
• relation of, to Fastnachtspiele, 382.
• Tabour, i. 73.
• Taboureurs, Dit des, i. 63.
• Tabula, i. 282.
• Taillefer, his minstrelsy at Senlac, i. 43.
• Tanfana, i. 108.
• Tcharnican, i. 133.
• Temporary kings, i. 137, 143. See Kings.
• Temptation of Bale, ii. 448.
• Tenebrae, a dramatic ceremony, ii. 6.
• Tensons (tençons), i. 78.
• Tenti of religious plays, ii. 135.
• Terence, vogue of, in Middle Ages, ii. 207.
• Terens in Englysh. See Andria.
• Terentius et Delusor, i. 85, ii. 208;
• text of, 326.
• Tertullian, against stage, i. 1, 11;
• against Kalends, 238.
• Testimonials to travelling minstrels, i. 53.
• Teutons and Kelts, their common folk-lore, i. 100.
• Texts of miracle-plays, ii. 124;
• authorship of, 144;
• interrelations of, 146.
• Thaleia of Arius, i. 13.
• Theatrales ludi, condemned by Innocent III, i. 279, ii. 100;
• by Paris theologians, i. 295.
• Theatre, in Greek and Roman world, i. 1;
• censured by pagan moralists, 9;
• and by Christian Fathers, 10;
• sympathy of Arius for, 13;
• at Constantinople (fourth to seventh centuries), 15;
• fall of, in East, 17;
• at Trèves, Carthage, Ravenna, Rome, Narbonne (fifth century), 18;
• under Theodoric the Ostrogoth at Rome (sixth century), 19;
• fall of, in West, 21;
• literary mention of, in twelfth century, 81;
• mediaeval, at Paris and Exeter, 383, ii. 190.
• Theodora, mime and Empress, i. 16.
• Theodosius, Code of, theatrical legislation in, i. 12.
• Thersites, ii. 214, 456.
• Thetford Priory, extracts from accounts of, ii. 245.
• Thévenin de St. Leger, his tomb, i. 386.
• Thomas the Apostle, St., his day, i. 247.
• Thomas the Martyr, St., pageant of, ii. 164.
• ‘Thomasing,’ i. 253.
• Thor, i. 107.
• Thorns, flowering at Christmas, i. 252.
• Thread the Needle, i. 165.
• Three-score-day-tide calendar, i. 152, 229.
• Threshing-floor, sacrificial customs of, i. 158.
• Thrie Estaitis. See Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis.
• Three Laws of Bale, ii. 449.
• Through the Needle Eye, i. 152.
• Tillage, effect of, on calendar, i. 232.
• Tiwaz, i. 105.
• Tobit, play of, ii. 131.
• Tollite portas, ii. 4, 5, 20, 36, 74.
• Tombeor de Notre Dame, i. 42.
• Tombeors, i. 70.
• ‘Tommy’ in sword-dance, i. 192.
• Topographical list of miracle-plays, ii. 329.
• Tops, whipped on festivals, i. 128.
• Tower of London, i. 152.
• Towneley Plays, ii. 124, 412.
• Tragedy, extinction of classical, i. 2, ii. 206;
• mediaeval conception of, 209;
• humanist revival of, 211;
• in Tudor interlude, 216.
• Transformation of intention in folk-customs, i. 122, 124, 130, 138, 147.
• Transformations, i. 170.
• Travelling of miracle-plays, ii. 122.
• Tregetours, i. 71.
• Tres Reges, drama of. See Stella.
• Tretise of miraclis pleyinge, i. 84, ii. 102.
• Triads of divinities, i. 107, 231.
• Tribunus voluptatum, i. 15, 21, ii. 229.
• Triduum, relation of, to Feast of Fools, i. 323;
• feasts of, 336;
• early notices of, 338;
• at St. Gall, 338;
• at Winchester, 339;
• during Middle Ages, 339;
• abuses of, 340;
• at Wells, 342;
• at Exeter, 342.
• Trimalchio, his Atellane, i. 5.
• Trimousette, i. 170.
• Trinity Sunday, i. 114.
• Tripudia, in churches, i. 275, 326, 336.
• Triumphs, i. 393, ii. 176.
• Trobaires, i. 63.
• Troparia, ii. 8.
• Tropes, origin and nature of, ii. 7;
• dialogue in, 8.
• Trouvères, their relation to minstrels, i. 64.
• ‘Tug-of-war,’ at folk-festivals, i. 149.
• Tumblers, i. 70.
• Turkish Knight, in St. George play, i. 212.
• ‘Tutti men,’ at Hungerford, i. 156.
• Twelfth Night. See Epiphany.
• Twelve nights, origin of, i. 244;
• spirits abroad in, 267;
• influence of, on months of year, 269.
• Udall, Nicholas, his plays, ii. 144, 192, 196, 215, 218, 451.
• Ululatus, ii. 7.
• Unguentarius in Quem quaeritis, ii. 33, 38.
• Unidentified miracle-plays, ii. 432.
• Universities, lord of misrule at, i. 407;
• interludes at, ii. 194.
• Unreason, ‘abbot’ of, i. 403.
• Vagantes, scolares. See Goliardi.
• Vernacular in religious plays, ii. 58, 61, 89.
• Vestments used in miracle-plays, ii. 117.
• Vexillatores, ii. 141, 156.
• Vicars choral, and Feast of Fools, i. 324.
• ‘Vice,’ name for ‘fool,’ i. 387, ii. 203;
• at miracle-plays, 141, 205;
• in interludes, 203;
• costume of, 205.
• Vice and Virtue, Conflict of, a theme of moralities, ii. 153.
• Victimae paschali, ii. 29;
• in Quem quaeritis, 30.
• Vielle, i. 73.
• Village festivals, presence of the fertilization spirit at, i. 116, 250;
• processions at, 118, 253;
• images at, 120;
• rain-charms at, 121, 255;
• sun-charms at, 124, 255;
• sacrifice at, 132, 276, ii. 266;
• play at, i. 146;
• dance at, 160, 272;
• mock king at, 172, 260;
• folk-drama at, 183.
• Virgil, in Prophetae, ii. 53.
• Visitatio sepulchri. See Quem quaeritis.
• Visors. See Masks.
• Vota, i. 237.
• Waits, i. 51.
• Wakes, i. 114, 247.
• Wantonness at folk-festivals, i. 93, 145, 169.
• War, in early cult, i. 26.
• Wassail, i. 254, 260.
• Watches at midsummer, i. 118, ii. 165.
• Water-charms. See Rain-charms.
• Watson, Edward, comedy by, ii. 194.
• Watson, Thomas, his Absalon, ii. 195, 458.
• Wealth and Health, ii. 461.
• Weather of Heywood, ii. 445.
• Well-dressing, i. 120, 124.
• Wells, cult of fertilization spirit at, i. 122.
• Werwolf, i. 267.
• ‘Wesley-bob,’ i. 253.
• Wever, R., his Lusty Juventus, ii. 223, 460.
• Wheel, as sun-charm, i. 128.
• Whipping, at Easter, i. 157;
• at Christmas, 260;
• at Feast of Fools, 327.
• ‘Whipping Toms,’ at Leicester, i. 157.
• White smocks worn in folk-dances, i. 200.
• ‘Whitepot’ queen, i. 174.
• Whitsuntide, i. 114, 141, 173, 179;
• dramatic ceremonies at, ii. 66;
• miracle-plays at, 94, 138.
• Widsith, i. 28.
• ‘Wild hunt,’ i. 264, 267.
• ‘Wild man,’ i. 185.
• Winchester College, extracts from accounts of, ii. 246.
• Winileodi, i. 170.
• Winter, beginning of, i. 110, 228, 249;
• represented in folk-drama, 183, 220;
• Roman feasts during, 234.
• Wit and Science of John Redford, ii. 200, 454.
• Witch-trials, heathenism in, i. 98.
• Withershins, i. 129, 165.
• Witty and Witless of Heywood, ii. 446.
• Wodan, i. 108.
• ‘Wod-woz,’ i. 185, 392.
• Woman, sawing the old, i. 183.
• Women, primitive agricultural cult by, i. 106;
• position of, in village festivals, 144.
• See Sex-costume.
• Work, begun on feast day, i. 269.
• World and the Child, The. See Mundus et Infans.
• Worship, dramatic element in, ii. 3.
• Worthies, the six, in sword-dance, i. 195.
• Would you know how doth the farmer?, i. 189.
• Wren, sacrifice of, i. 132, 257.
• Wrestling at folk-festivals, i. 148.
• Wyclifites, against minstrelsy, i. 40;
• against miracle-plays, ii. 102.
• Wylley, Thomas, his plays, ii. 220.
• Year. See Calendar, New Year’s day, Spring, Summer, Winter.
• York Plays, ii. 409.
• ‘Youling,’ i. 120, 142, 260.
• Youth, ii. 200, 453.
• Yule, derivation of name, i. 230.
• Yule-log, i. 262, 267.
• Yule-straw, i. 250.