A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges

apod. in perf. indic., 2101, 2103-2105;

apod. in plup. indic., 2104, 2107.

Variation of prot., 2109-2111;

variation of apod., 2112-2115;

forms which apod. may take, 2018;

coordinated member equivalent to prot., 1574, 1701;

imper. as prot., 1574;

prot. expressed by abl. abs., 2295;

prot. expressed by partic., 2295;

conditional comparisons, 2117-2122;

protases in ind. disc., 2326-2329;

apodoses in ind. disc., 2330-2334;

sentence, quisquam and ūllus in, 2402.

Conjugation,

defined, 397;

of sum, 744-750;

of possum, 744, 751-753;

of dō, 744, 754-757;

of bibō, serō, sistō, 744, 758;

of inquam, 759-761;

of eō, 759, 762-767;

of queō, nequeō, 759, 768;

of edō, 769-771;

of volō, 772-774;

of nōlō, 772, 775-777;

of mālō, 772, 778, 779;

of ferō, 772, 780, 781;

of verbs in -ere (third conjug.), 782-784;

of aiō, 785-787;

of fīō, 785, 788-790;

of verbs in -iō, -ere, 784-791;

of verbs in -āre (first conjug.), 792, 793;

of verbs in -ēre (sec. conjug.), 794, 795;

of verbs in -īre (fourth conjug.), 796, 797;

of deponent verbs, 798-801;

of periphrastic forms, 802-804;

see Stems, Person, Formation.

Conjunctional,

see Conjunctive.

Conjunctions,

defined, 13;

origin of, 696;

copulative, use of, 1644-1661, 1687-1692, 1881, 2133-2149;

combination of different, 1662-1666;

disjunctive, use of, 1667-1675, 2133-2149;

adversative, use of, 1676-1686, 2133, 2150-2153;

postpositive, 1676;

quamquam as, 1899, 1900;

quamvīs as, 1904, 1905;

quī, 1976;

concessive, use of, 2133, 2150-2153;

causal and illative, use of, 2133, 2154-2158;

affirmative coordination, 2159;

see Connectives.

Conjunctive,

particle sentences, 1838-2122;

introduced by quod, quia, 1838-1858;

by nōn quod, nōn quō, &c., 1855;

by cum, 1859-1881;

by quoniam, 1882-1884;

by quotiēns, quotiēnscumque, 1885-1887;

by quam, 1888-1898;

by quantus, ut, 1892;

by quamquam, 1899-1902;

by quamvīs, 1903-1906;

by quamlibet, 1907;

by tamquam, 1908-1910;

by quemadmodum, 1908;

by antequam, priusquam, 1911-1921;

by prīdiē quam, postrīdiē quam, 1922;

by postquam, ubī̆, ut, cum prīmum, 1923-1934;

by utī, ut, nē, 1935-1970;

by ubī̆, 1971;

by quō, quī, 1972-1976;

by quantō, 1973;

by quōminus, 1977, 1978;

by quō sētius, 1979;

by quīn, 1980-1990;

by dum, dōnec, quoad, quamdiū, 1991-2009;

by modo, 2003;

by quandō, quandōque, 2010-2014;

by sī, nisi, &c., 2015-2115;

by etsī, tametsī, tamenetsī, etiamsī, sī, 2116;

by quasi, quam sī, tamquam sī, &c., 2117-2122;

particle sentences, in ind. disc., 2315, 2317, 2319.

Connection,

of the parts of sentence, 1636-1692;

of sentences or periods, 2123-2159;

relationship, &c., words of, with gen., 1203.

Connectives,

compound sentence without, 1636-1642;

separate sentences or periods without, 2124-2127;

relatives as, 2131;

demonstrative and determinative words as, 2129, 2130;

concessive words as, 2150-2153;

disjunctive words as, 1667-1675, 2134-2149;

copulative words as, 1644-1661, 2134-2149;

adversative words as, 1676-1686, 2150-2153;

other words than conjunctions as, 1687-1692;

causal words as, 2154-2158;

illative words as, 2154-2158;

affirmative coordination, 2159.

Consecutive,

sentences, defined, 1716;

tense of, after secondary, 1757-1759;

complementary, 1948, 1965-1969;

pure, 1948, 1970.

Consonants,

cons. and vowel i and u, 22-28;

x a double cons., how sounded, 70;

x makes long syllable, 177;

doubled cons., how written and how pronounced, 80;

doubled, never ends a word, 177;

doubled, makes long syllable, 177;

pronunciation of, 53-72;

classification of the consonants, 73-79;

consonant changes, 146-174, see Substitution, Development, Disappearance, Assimilation, Dissimilation, Interchange;

mute or f followed by l or r, how affecting preceding short vowel, 178;

cons. roots, defined, 188;

cons. stems of substs., decl. of, 467-512, see Declension;

cons. stems of substs., general rules of gender of, 570-584;

cons. stems of adjs., decl. of, 621-626, 467-512.

See also Glides.

Contempt,

expressed by diminutives, 269;

expressed by nesciō quid, &c., 1789;

expressed by hīc, 2350;

expressed by iste, 2357;

expressed by homo, 2365;

expressed by quīdam, 2393.

Continued action,

tenses of, 1587, 1594, 1619, 2218;

with cum, 1864, 1865;

see Incomplete action.

Continuants or Continuous, sounds, defined, 74;

classified, 74;

subst. stems in, decl. of, 481-493.

Contraction,

of vowels, 115, 118;

of verb forms, 885-893;

in versification, 2518.

Contrary to fact,

see Non-occurrent.

Contrasts,

asyndeton in, 1640;

introduced by et, 2140;

hīc and ille in, 2352;

ipse in, 2374, 2375.

Convicting,

verbs of, with gen., 1280-1282;

with abl., 1280-1282.

Coordination,

of sentences, 1055-1060, 1636;

asyndetic, 1637-1642;

constructions, history of, 1693-1695, 1705, 1706, 1740, 1957;

treated, 1636-1692;

without connective, 1636-1642;

with copulative conjunctions, 1643-1666;

with disjunctive conjunctions, 1667-1675;

with adversative conjunctions, 1676-1686;

with other words as connectives, 1687-1692;

intermediate coordinate sentence, treated, 1693-1713;

coordination instead of acc. and infin., 1696;

question or exclamation in, 1697;

instead of rel. sentence, 1698;

instead of temporal expression, 1699;

instead of result clause, 1700;

instead of condition, 1701, 2110;

instead of concessive clause, 1702;

instead of causal clause, 1703;

instead of compar. clause with ut, 1704;

subjv. of desire in, 1705;

nē in, 1706;

with verbs of wishing, 1707;

with verbs of request, exhortation, command, &c., 1708;

with oportet, optumum est, &c., 1709;

with permittō, concēdō, sinō, licet, 1710;

with cavē̆, &c., 1711;

with cedo, dō, persuādeō, cūrō, fac, &c., 1712;

with verbs in general, 1713;

of questions, 1787;

of imper., 1787, 1710-1712;

of rel. sentence with subst., adj., or partic., 1820;

of rel. sentences, 1832, 1833;

affirmative, 2159;

expressed by quamquam, etsī, tametsī, 2153;

expressed by quippe, 1690.

Copulative,

words, use of, 1644-1661, 1687-1692, 1881, 2133-2149;

combination of different, 1662-1666.

Correlative,

prons., table of, 695, 1831;

advs., table of, 711, 1831;

sentences, 1831;

idcircō, ideō, &c., 1855, 1858;

quoniam . . . continuō, &c., 1883;

quotiēns . . . totiēns, &c., 1886;

quam . . . tam, &c., 1889, 1890;

tamquam . . . sīc, ita, 1908;

ut . . . ita, item, &c., 1937;

adversative, ut . . . ita, sīc, 1938;

conditional, ut, nē . . . sīc, 1964;

tantus . . . ut, &c., 1970;

quō . . . eō, hōc, 1973;

quantō . . . tantō, 1973;

dum . . . subitō, repente, iam, &c., 1995;

dum, &c., ... tamdiū, &c., 1999;

dum, &c., ... usque, &c., 2004;

quandō . . . tum, 2011;

sīc . . . sī, 2015;

sī . . . igitur, &c., 2018, 2067;

etsī, &c. ... tamen, 2116;

lacking in apod., 1890, 1937.

Correption, 2517.

Costing,

verbs of, with gen., 1274;

with abl., 1388-1392.

Countries,

names of, in plur., 1107;

in acc. with expressions of motion, 1161;

used adjectively, 1233;

abl. of, attached to a subst., 1309;

denoting place from which, 1309, 1310;

place in or at which, 1336, 1347.

Cretic,

defined, 2521;

rhythms, 2691-2697.

Curses,

duim, &c. in, 756.

Customary,

action, expressed by pres., 1588;

expressed by impf., 1596.

Cyclic feet, 2523.

D

Dactyl,

defined, 2521;

cyclic, 2523.

Dactylic,

rhythms, 2555-2580;

hexameter, 2556-2569;

pentameter, 2570-2576;

tetrameter acatalectic, 2577;

tetrameter catalectic, 2578;

trimeter catalectic, 2579.

Dactylo-trochaic rhythms, 2675-2681.

Danger,

expressions of, with ut, nē clauses, 1957, 1958.

Dates,

expressed by abl., 1307;

expressed by loc., 1307, 1331;

cardinals and ordinals in, 2419;

marked by names of consuls, 2419.

Dative case,

defined, 419;

plur., how formed, 428;

lacking, see Defective, substantives, lacking cases.

-ā- stems, in -ī, 618-620, 656, 693;

in -eis, 440, 443;

in -īs for -iīs, 440;

in -āīs and -ēīs, 441;

in -ābus, 442;

inscriptional forms, 443;

Greek nouns, 444.

-o- stems, in -ī, 618-620, 656, 693;

in -āīs, -ēīs, -ōīs, 458;

in -ōbus, 464;

inscriptional forms, 465;

Greek nouns, 466.

Consonant stems, in -ē, 501, 507;

inscriptional forms, 507;

Greek nouns, 508-512.

-i- stems, inscriptional forms, 564;

Greek nouns, 565.

-u- stems, in -ubus, 592;

inscriptional forms, 593.

-ē- stems, in -ē, 602, 606;

in -ī, 606;

sing., of rēs, fidēs, 160, 602.

Pronouns, peculiar and inscriptional forms, of ego, tū, suī, 651;

of meus, tuus, suus, 653, 654;

of hīc, 663-665;

of ille, iste, 667, 668;

of illic, istic, 670;

of is, 672-674, 160;

of īdem, 677, 678;

of quī, quis, 688, 690.

Uses of, 1175-1225;

general, 1175-1179.

The complementary, 1180-1218;

as essential complement, 1180-1204;

as optional complement, 1205-1218;

made subj. in pass., 1480, 1181;

with verbs of intrans. use denoting state, disposition, feeling, quality, 1181, 1184, 1185;

with sum and a pred. noun, 1183;

with verbs of union, contention, difference, 1186, 1357;

with verbs combined with adversum, obviam, praestō, bene, male, satis, 1187;

with verbs of intrans. use compounded with a prep., 1188-1191;

with verbs of trans. use, 1192;

with verbs of trans. use compounded with a prep., 1194-1199;

with adjs., 1200-1204;

with verbs of trans. or intrans. use to denote person or thing interested, benefited, harmed, 1205, 1315;

with similis, 1204;

with interjections, 1206;

with sentences, 1207;

with verbs denoting warding off, robbing, ridding, 1209;

with verbs of motion, 1210;

emotional, 1211;

of possessor, 1212-1216, 1478, 2181, 2243;

with compounds of sum, 1212;

with mihī̆ est nōmen, &c., 1213, 1214;

of the doer of an action, 1215, 1216, 1478, 2181, 2243;

of relation, 1217, 1218.

The predicative, 1219-1224;

of tendency or result, 1219-1222;

with verbs of considering or accounting, 1222;

of purpose or intention, 1223-1225.

Double, 1213, 1214, 1219-1225;

combined with acc., 1199, 1201, 1214, 1221, 1224;

combined with nom., 1213, 1214, 1221, 1224;

attached to subst., 1183, 1208, 1225;

used with cōnscius, 1265;

with rēfert, 1278;

with impersonal verbs in pass., 1181;

pred. noun in, 2214;

of gerundive construction and gerund, 2254-2257;

supine in -ū as, 2269;

following supine in -um, 2272;

with īdem, 2373.

Decasyllabic Alcaic, 2663.

Declarations,

neg. adv. in, 1443;

indic. used in, 1493;

verbal expressions denoting ability, duty, propriety, necessity, &c. in, 1495-1497;

confounded with questions and exclamations, 1502;

subjv. used in, 1540-1562;

expressed by indic. in rel. sentence, 1813;

expressed by quod, 1838.

Declarative,

sentence, defined, 1025;

in ind. disc., mood of, 2312.

Declension,

defined, 397.

Substantives, 432-607;

-ā- stems, 432-445;

-ā- stems, Greek nouns, 444, 445;

-o- stems, 446-466;

-o- stems, Greek nouns, 466;

cons. stems, 467-512;

guttural mute stems (-g-, -c-), 471-473;

lingual mute stems (-d-, -t-), 474-478;