Nisaba, goddess, 51;
agricultural deity, 101;
traits in common with Ea, 101;
sister of Ninâ, 101;
centers of cult, 102;
in Gudea's pantheon, 111;
probably local in Uruk, 111.
Nisan, sacred to Anu and Bel, 462, 677;
sacred in Babylonia, 684;
7th day sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.
Nisir, mount on which the ship alights, 503.
Nisroch, Assyrian deity, 2.
Noah, resemblance to Parnapishtim less than is the case with Lot, 507.
Nu-gim-mud, title of Ea, 230.
Nun-gal, god of the 2d Bab. period, 168;
temple in Sippar, 168;
meaning of name, 168;
solar deity, 168;
becomes a demon, 168.
Nur-Rammân, of Ur, builder of Sin's temple in Ur, 76;
builder of temples to Nin-gal and Nannar at Ur, 97.
Nusku, fire-god, in Ass. pantheon, 188, 220-1;
in Bab. pantheon, 220;
amalgamated with Gibil, 220, 277;
identified with Nabu, 220-1;
ideographic writing of name and its explanation, 220;
solar deity, 220-1, 279;
shrine in E-Sagila, 220, 241;
epithets, 221, 277, 280;
functions, 221;
shrine in E-Zida, 241;
in incantations, 271-3, 277, 286;
younger than Gibil, 277;
a mythological conception, 277, 279;
Gibil-N, god of civilization, 278;
medium betw. worshipper and deity, 279;
associated with Anu, 277, 286;
associated with Bel and Ea, 279, 286;
Ishum, messenger of, 280;
worship at Nippur, 635;
see Gibil.
Old Testament, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 669 (cf. 696);
relations betw. the Hebrews and B.-A., 2, 611, 697-8;
contrast betw. Hebr. and B.-A. religion, 3, 668;
O. T. points of contact with Gilgamesh epic, 495;
with deluge story, 506 ff.;
parallels betw. Adam and Eabani, Eve and Ukhat, 511;
betw. Samson and Gilgamesh stories, 515-6;
3d chapter Genesis compared with Adapa legend, 551;
Hebr. Sheôl || Bab. Shuâlu, 560;
Hebr. Shôel || Bab. Shâ'ilu, 560;
Hebr.-Bab. custom of inquiring of the dead, 560;
parallelism betw. Sargon I. and Moses, 562;
conceptions of nether-world in O. T. and in Bab., 606;
parallels betw. temple of Solomon and Bab. temple, 623, 632, 652-3, 655;
libation of oil in O. T. and in Ass.-Bab., 665;
sacrifices in O. T. compared with Ass.-Bab., 667-8;
teraphim and Ass.-Bab. amulets, 674;
Hebr. and Bab. New Years, 681;
Purim compared with Bab. 15th Adar festival, 686;
Ashera and tree worship in Babylonia, 689.
Omens, division of religious literature, 247;
purposes of, 248, 331;
comparative age of, 253-4;
an indirect means of forecasting the future, 329;
directions for the priest in recognizing o., 330;
relationship betw. o. and prayers, 331;
part of magic element in the ritual, 331;
occasions for seeking an o., 331 ff.;
derived from offered animals, 332;
of a public character, 332 ff., 362, 364, 374, 401;
questions of an omen seeker, 333 ff., 369;
list of, 337, 362;
their relation to reports, 368, 372;
o. ritual, 338;
connecting link betw. incantations and o., 352;
variety of o. literature, 355, 362;
o. from stars, 356;
the more variety, the more significance—a principle of general application in interpretation of o., 358;
other guiding principles, 358 ff., 388, 401;
private o., 362, 403, 405;
o. series and mode of their composition, 363;
omens deduced from observations of eclipses, 357, 364;
restricted application of o. no hindrance to their practical use, 366, 372;
vagueness of o. intentional, 367;
interrelation betw. reports and o., 368, 372-3;
importance of o. deduced from eclipses and more ordinary phenomena, 368-9;
omens deduced from observations of planets, esp. Ishtar, and of other heavenly bodies, 371-3;
omen calendars, 375, 382;
omens from terrestrial phenomena, 383 ff.;
logical principle controlling the interpretation, 384;
offshoot of sympathetic magic, 384;
birth omens, 384;
partly public, partly private character, 386;
the rarer the phenomena, the greater the significance, 385;
ideas of sympathetic magic in the interpretation of o., 388;
omens from offsprings of animals, 391 ff.;
omens from the actions of animals, 397-402;
omens from dreams, 402-4;
o. of a private character, 403;
popular phase of augury, 403;
omens from individual experiences, 404;
dividing line betw. omens of individual and of public character, 405;
the practical working of the omen belief, 406.
Ophites, a gnostic sect, 699.
Oppert, Jules, expedition to Babylonia, 8.
Oracles, see also Omens and Witchcraft, direct means of forecasting the future, 329;
occasions for asking o., 338 ff.;
blank forms for o., 341;
form of, 341 ff.;
Marduk, god of, 342;
asked of the sun-god, 334 ff.;
of Ishtar of Arbela, 342;
ceremonies accompanying o., 345;
relationship to penitential psalms, 347;
practical purpose of, 349;
by means of dreams, 349 ff.;
generally vague language, 344;
occasionally definite language, 360;
objects with which o. are concerned, 360;
given by priestesses, 485, or priests, 329, 560, 657-8;
asked of the dead, 559-60, 657;
asked on the New Year's festival, 628-9.
Pantheon, divisions and development, 48-50;
sources, 51;
comparison betw. p. in historical and in incantation texts, 297;
comparison betw. B. and A. pantheon, 189, 201.
Papakhu, chamber of the god, 627;
cosmological significance, 629.
Pap-sukal, i.e., divine messenger, epithet of Nin-shakh, Nebo, and Nusku, 93 (cf. 463, 571);
in incantations, 273;
10th month sacred to P., Ishtar, and Anu, 463.
Pap-u, god, in the Cassite pantheon, 162, 172;
offspring of E-sharra, 174;
function, 174.
Paradise, belief in, among Babylonians, 578.
Parakku, chamber of the god, 627.
Parnapishtim, immortal, 488, 577;
P. and Gilgamesh, 492 ff.;
son of Kidin-Marduk, 488, 496;
born in Shurippak, 496;
his epithet Adra-Khasis, 505;
bears more resemblance to Lot than to Noah, 507.
Pa-sag, god, 51;
"the leader of the land," 101;
identity with Ishum, 101;
lieutenant of Shamash, 107;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106.
Patesi, 198.
Patron gods, of persons, 216, 235;
Nabu, patron of Ramman-nirari III., 228;
of places, 49, 69-70, 106, 111.
Penitential psalms, points in common with and differences from incantations, 312;
national origin of, 312;
marks relationship betw. god and man, 313;
purpose to appease the anger of the gods, 315, 688;
advanced religious conceptions, 314-5, 326;
dialogue form, 315;
language, 316-7;
age, 317;
anonymity of the deity addressed, 318;
p. for specific purposes, 324, 688;
relationship to oracles, 347.
Persepolis, wedge writings, 16.
Persian Gulf, sacred to Ea, 497;
not the source of the deluge, 497;
confluence of the streams, 577.
Persian wedge writing, 19.
Personifications of human arts, 178.
Peters, John P., explorer, 11.
Pilgrimage, 684.
Place, Victor, excavations, 8.
Place of Fates, name of temple, 641.
Planets, observations of, 370;
identifications of p. with deities, 370, 459 (cf. 619);
prominence of Ishtar-Venus, in astrological texts, 371;
regarded as auguries for the chiefs and the general welfare, 373;
planets and zikkurats, 619.
Politics, affecting religion and literature, 108, 110-1, 134-5, 201, 239, 690-1.
Popular Belief, see Theology and Popular Belief.
Prayers, see also Hymns, occasions, 663;
in connection with incantations, 293, 299;
without accompaniment of incantations, 294;
curses regarded as p., 296;
no line of demarcation betw. incantations and p., 297, 299, 307;
ethics in, 298;
power of words, 328;
no p. in its highest form, 329;
relationship betw. prayers and omen, 330;
efficacy dependent on their being uttered in the right manner and by the right person, 353.
Priestly codes, 362.
Priests and priestesses, divisions of, 269, 241-2, 657-8;
p. as exorciser and his function, 271-2, 330, 657-8;
mediator betw. man and god, 315, 331, 353, 374, 560, 627, 692;
prognostication of future, 329, 560, 657;
importance of, 353;
"Priests of Ashur," association of priestly functions with early kingship, 374;
priests and priestesses in their functions, 485, 655 ff., 692;
priests purifying the dead, 578, 602;
general name for priest, 657-8, 676;
priestesses as dirge singers, 604, 658;
as judges, 625, 658;
intellectual leaders, 693;
as sacrificers, 657-8;
eligibility to priesthood, 658-9;
women priests, 485, 659-60.
Proper names, see also Names, composition of, 165;
source of study of divinities, 166;
evidence of age of cult of gods (Ishme-Dagan), 208;
Samsi-Ramman, 209.
Psalms, see Penitential Psalms; also Hymns, Prayers.
Ptolemy, see Claudius Ptolemaeus.
Pudilu, builds temple of Shamash at Ashur, 209.
Purat = Euphrates, 27.
Purification, see Rituals.
Purim, compared with the Bab. solar festival, 15th of Adar, 686;
not to be compared with Puru, 688.
Puru, a festival ceremony, 688.
Puzur-Shadu-Rabû, captain of the ship of Parnapishtim, 500.
Ra, Egyptian sun-god, 210.
Rabbinical literature, bearing upon B.-A. religion, 3, 697.
Races, of Mesopotamia, 24, 33.
Ramman, god, Shala his consort, 102, 161, 212;
associated with Anu, 154, 207, 212;
associated with Shamash, 145, 157-8, 160, 211;
associated with Sin and Shamash, 158, 163;
associated with Nergal and Nanâ, 159, 164;
rivals of Marduk, 158;
ideographic and other readings of the name, 156-7;
meaning of name, 156-7;
extent of his cult, 159;
cult by Aramaeans, 159;
indigenous to Assyria, 159;
rival of Ashur, 161;
his two aspects as storm-god, 160;
epithets, 156, 158, 160, 212, 498;
in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162;
in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162;
= Martu, 166, 212;
popular in Assyria, 211;
his instruments of destruction, 212;
"the mightiest of the gods," 212;
name of one of the eastern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
brings abundance, 237;
temple at Borsippa, 242;
temple at Kumari, 242;
11th month sacred to R., 463;
R. in the deluge, 500;
declines to fight Zu, 541.
Ramman-nirari I., king of Assyria, 155;
cult of Ramman, 159;
of Anunnaki and Igigi as spirits of earth and heaven resp., 185;
repels the Cassites, 199;
his pantheon, 237, 593.
Ramman-nirari III., king of Assyria, gives prominence to Nabu cult in Assyria, 128, 228;
erects temple to Nabu at Calab, 228;
Nabu his patron god, 228.
Rassam, Hormuzd researches, 9.
Rawlinson, Henry, explorations, 9.
Regulus, observations, 372.
Religion, unity of church and state, 690;
influence upon Hebrews, see Old Testament;
upon Christianity, 698;
upon Egypt, Persia, and Greece, 699-701.
Religious texts, 12-3, 467;
sources for religion, 51, 661;
in Bab. theological schools, 134;
reshaping of r. t. during Hammurabi's time, 140-2;
divisions, 247-51;
age, 691;
comparison betw. Ass. and Bab. r. t., 251-2;
their value as source for knowledge of sacrifices, 661;
votive inscriptions on statues, 669;
on other objects, 671-2;
worn as amulets, 672;
plague tablets, 536, 674.
Rim-Sin, of 2d dynasty of Ur, "called" by Bel and Ea, 62;
cult of moon and sun-god in Ur, 70;
of Nanâ in Ur, 81;
builds temple of Nin-shakh at Uruk, 93;
his wife builds temple to Nin-gal at Ur, 97.
Rituals, establishment of, 115;
and incantations, 247-8, 253-4, 283;
manner of growth, 255;
purification, 284, 688;
incantations the oldest fixed r., 294;
penitential psalms, 312 ff., 688;
bodily castigation, 320, 688;
offerings, 328;
prayers, 293 ff.;
never without ulterior motive, 328;
oracles and omens, 328 ff.;
composition and growth, 329-30;
strictness in observation of, 347.
Rustem, son of Sal in Armen. and Mandaean legend, parallel to Etana, 520.
Saba, district in southern Arabia, 491.
Sabitum, maiden in Gilgamesh epic, 490-1;
the goddess of Siduri, 491.
Sacred objects, 651.
Sacred period, 686.
Sacred quarter, 622 ff.
Sacredness of animals, meaning of, 397-8, 662;
of trees, 662-3.
Sacrifices, when not to be offered, 378;
when offered, 663, 667-8;
offered by priests, 657-8;
Semitic view of, 660;
comparison with Hebrew, 667-8;
as determined from religious and historical literature, 661;
development of, 661;
two kinds of, 661;
connected with prayers, 663;
use of oil and wine, 664, 666;
daily, 667;
monthly, 668.
Sâdu, the hunter in the service of Gilgamesh, 475;
associated with Ukhat, 511.
Safa, hill in Mecca, 687.
Sag-ila = Marduk, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.
Sal, father of Rustem, 520.
Samsi-Ramman, king of Assyria, builds temple to Ramman, 154, 159;
builds temple to Ashur in Ashur, 198;
his name as evidence of age of Shamash cult, 209.
Samson, parallelism with Gilgamesh, 515 ff.
Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon, 56;
builds sanctuary of Belit, 56;
builds Dur-padda, sacred to Ramman, 158;
his pantheon, 162;
builds wall of Zakar in Nippur, 172;
builds wall of Lugal-mittu in Nippur, 172.
Samuel, prophet, his spirit called up, 559.
Saracus, last king of Assyria, 229.
Sargon I., "builds" temple E-ulmash of Nanâ in Agade, 82;
myth of Sargon I. related to an incident in Moses' life, 562;
his exploits incorporated in a religious text, 562;
"builder" of temple of En-lil in Nippur, 642, 645.
Sargon II., of Assyria, restores "laws and customs of Harran," 77;
builds sanctuary to Shamash, 211;
names Kar-Nergal in honor of Nergal, 219;
builds sanctuary to Sin at Khorsabad and Magganubba, 219;
patron of learning, 229;
prominence of Nabu cult, 229;
erects sanctuary to Nin-gal at Khorsabad, 231;
restores Magganubba, 232;
revives the triad, 236;
his pantheon, 237;
his palace at Khorsabad, 225, 237;
his zikkurat at Khorsabad, 617;
sacrifices in Babylonia, 664;
institutes special festival, 687.