The Project Gutenberg eBook of The flowering plants of Africa
Title: The flowering plants of Africa
Author: Franz Thonner
Editor: A. B. Rendle
Illustrator: Joseph Fleischmann
Release date: September 26, 2022 [eBook #69049]
Most recently updated: October 19, 2024
Language: English
Original publication: United Kingdom: Dulau & C., LTD, 1915
Credits: Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images available at The Internet Archive)
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List of Principal Works Consulted Table of Contents List of Plates Key to the Families Key to the Genera Statistical Table Glossary of Botanical Terms Abbreviations of Authors’ Names List of Popular Names Additions and Corrections Index Some typographical errors have been corrected; |
THE
FLOWERING PLANTS OF AFRICA
THE
FLOWERING PLANTS
OF AFRICA
AN ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
OF AFRICAN PHANEROGAMS
BY
FR. THONNER
WITH 150 PLATES AND A MAP
DULAU & CO., LTD.
37 SOHO SQUARE, LONDON
1915
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
PREFACE
THE flora of Africa being now comparatively well known, the author of the present work considered the time opportune to present to the public an analytical key for determining in an easy way the generic name of every phanerogamous plant growing wild, whether indigenous or naturalized, or cultivated upon a large scale within the geographical limits of Africa including the islands.
The names and limits of the genera and families adopted in this work are those accepted in ENGLER & PRANTL’S “Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien,” the most recent work containing the description of all genera of flowering plants, and its supplement “Genera Siphonogamarum” by DALLA TORRE & HARMS.
As the present work is intended for the use not only of botanists, but also of colonists and travellers in Africa, who take an interest in botany, I have used, wherever it was possible, as distinctive characters, those which are visible to the naked eye in a plant in flower, being careful, however, not to deviate too much from the natural system.
Besides the diagnostic characters of the genera, I have also indicated the approximative number of the species described to the end of the year 1910, their geographical distribution, their uses, and their more important synonyms.
As to the terms used in indicating the geographical distribution of African plants, “North Africa” (including North-west-and North-east Africa) means all northern extratropical Africa, “South Africa” (including South-west and South-east Africa) southern extratropical Africa, “tropical Africa” Africa within the tropics, including all islands, whereas the continent of Africa within the tropics including only the small islands in the proximity of the coast, is designated by “Central Africa.”
The present work was originally published in German under the title “Die Blütenpflanzen Africas” (Berlin, R. Friedländer & Sohn, 1908). A new edition being desirable, I have preferred the English language, and I am indebted to Dr. A. B. RENDLE, of the British Museum, for revising my translation.
The plates were drawn by the Vienna artist JOSEPH FLEISCHMANN from herbarium specimens kindly lent from the collections of the Hofmuseum at Vienna and the Jardin botanique de l’Etat at Brussels by their respective keepers Dr. A. ZAHLBRUCKNER and Dr. E. DE WILDEMAN. Drawings already published have been used for a few plates only; these are duly indicated.
FRANZ THONNER.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA), September 1913.
LIST OF PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED
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C. G. De Dalla Torre & H. Harms, Genera Siphonogamarum (Leipzig, 1900-1907).
A. Engler, Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, 6. ed. (Berlin, 1909).
—Das Pflanzenreich (Leipzig, 1900-1910).
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—Die Vegetation Afrikas (Berlin, 1908-1910).
G. Bentham & J. D. Hooker, Genera plantarum (London, 1862-1883).
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C. S. Kunth, Enumeratio plantarum (Stuttgart, 1833-1850).
G. Walpers, Repertorium botanices systematicae (Leipzig, 1842-1847).
—Annales botanices systematicae (Leipzig, 1848-1868).
A. & C. De Candolle, Monographiae phanerogamarum (Paris, 1878-1896).
H. Baillon, Histoire des plantes (Paris, 1867-1895).
Th. Durand & H. Schinz, Conspectus florae Africae (Bruxelles, 1895-1898).
R. Delile, Flore d’Egypte (Paris, 1810).
E. Boissier, Flora orientalis (Basel, 1867-1888).
P. Ascherson & G. Schweinfurth, Illustrations de la flore d’Egypte (Le Caire, 1887).
E. Sickenberger, Contributions à la flore d’Egypte (Le Caire, 1901).
E. Durand & G. Barratte, Florae Libycae prodromus (Genève, 1910).
J. A. Battandier & Trabut, Flore de l’Algérie (Alger, 1888-1910).
—Flore de l’Algérie et de la Tunisie (Alger, 1902).
W. Trelease, Botanical observations on the Azores (St. Louis, 1897).
R. T. Lowe, A manual flora of Madeira (London, 1868).
Ph. Barker-Webb & S. Berthelot, Phytographia Canariensis (Paris, 1836-1840).
J. Pitard & L. Proust, Les îles Canaries (Paris, 1908).
D. Oliver & W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, Flora of tropical Africa (London, 1868-1910).
J. Mildbread, Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Central-Africa-Expedition; Botanik (Berlin, 1910).
A. Engler, Die Pflanzenwelt Ostafrikas (Berlin, 1895).
A. Richard, Tentamen florae Abyssinicae (Paris, 1847).
R. Pirotta, Flora della colonia Eritrea (Roma, 1903-1908).
J. A. Grant & D. Oliver, The botany of the Speke and Grant expedition. (London, 1872-1875).
W. Peters, Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mozambik (Berlin, 1862-1864).
Th. Sim, Forest flora and forest resources of Portuguese East Africa (Aberdeen, 1909).
J. B. Balfour, Botany of Socotra (Edinburgh, 1888).
H. Forbes, The natural history of Socotra and Abdelkuri (Liverpool, 1903).
F. Vierhapper, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Flora Südarabiens und der Inseln Socotra, Semha und Abdelkuri (Wien, 1907).
J. A. Schmidt, Beiträge zur Flora der kapverdischen Inseln (Heidelberg, 1852).
J. A. Guillemin, S. Perrotet, & A. Richard, Florae Senegambiae tentamen (Paris, 1830-1833).
J. Palisot Beauvois, Flore d’Oware et de Benin (Paris 1804).
W. J. Hooker, Niger flora (London, 1849).
H. Pobeguin, Essai sur la flore de la Guinée française (Paris, 1906).
Th. Durand & E. De Wildeman, Matériaux pour la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1897-1901).
E. De Wildeman & Th. Durand, Contributions a la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1900).
—— Reliquiae Dewevreanae (Bruxelles, 1901).
—— Illustrations de la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1898-1904).
—— Plantae Thonnerianae Congolenses (Bruxelles, 1900).
E. De Wildeman, Etudes sur la flore du Katanga (Bruxelles, 1902-1903).
—Etudes sur la flore du Bas-et du Moyen-Congo (Bruxelles, 1903-1910).
—Mission E. Laurent (Bruxelles, 1905-1907).
—Notice sur des plantes utiles ou interessantes de la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1903-1906).
—Plantae novae horti Thenensis (Bruxelles, 1904-1910).
—Companie du Kasai (Bruxelles, 1909).
Th. & H. Durand, Sylloge florae Congolanae (Bruxelles, 1909).
W. P. Hiern, Catalogue of the African plants collected by Welwitsch (London, 1896-1901).
O. Warburg, Die Kunene-Sambesi-Expedition (Berlin, 1903).
J. C. Mellis, St. Helena (London, 1875).
A. Grandidier & Drake Del Castillo, Histoire naturelle de Madagascar (Paris, 1886-1902).
P. Baron, Compendium des plants malgaches (Paris, 1901-1906).
J. Palacky, Catalogus plantarum Madagascariensium (Prag, 1906).
J. G. Baker, Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles (London, 1877).
J. B. Balfour, Flora of the Island of Rodriguez (London, 1879).
J. De Cordemoy, Flore de l’île de la Réunion (Paris, 1895).
A. Voeltzkow, Die von Aldabra bis jetzt bekannte Flora und Fauna (Frankfurt, 1902).
W. Harvey, The genera of South-African plants, 2. ed. (Capetown, 1868).
W. Harvey. O. W. Sonder &. W. Thiselton-Dyer, Flora Capensis (London, 1859-1910).
W. Harvey, Thesaurus Capensis (Dublin, 1859-1863).
H. Bolus & A. H. Wolley-Dod, A list of the flowering plants of the Cape peninsula (Capetown, 1903).
Th. Sim, The forests and forest flora of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope (Aberdeen, 1907).
J. M. Wood, Handbook to the flora of Natal (Durban, 1907).
—Natal plants (Durban, 1898-1910).
H. Schinz, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der afrikanischen Flora (Genève, 1892-1908).
—Die Pflanzenwelt Deutsch-Südwestafrikas. (Genève, 1896-1900).
A. Zahlbruckner, Plantae Pentherianae (Wien, 1900-1905).
Challenger Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. “Challenger” (London, 1885).
H. Schenk, Vergleichende Darstellung der Pflanzengeographie der subantarktischen Inseln (Jena, 1905).
Linnean Society, Journal. Botany. (London, 1857-1910).
Kew Gardens, Bulletin of miscellaneous information. (London, 1892-1910).
W. Curtis, The Botanical Magazine (London, 1793-1910).
W. J. & J. D. Hooker, Icones plantarum (London, 1837-1910).
B. Seemann & J. Britten, The Journal of Botany (London, 1853-1910).
A. Engler, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie (Leipzig, 1881-1910).
—Notizblatt des königl. botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin (Leipzig, 1897-1910).
K. Schumann & F. Fedde, Just’s botanischer Jahresbericht (Leipzig, 1873-1910).
F. Fedde, Repertorium novarum specierum regni vegetabilis (Berlin, 1906-1910).
Botanisches Centralblatt (Leiden, 1880-1910).
Société Botanique De France, Bulletin (Paris, 1854-1910).
Société Linnéenne De Paris, Bulletin (Paris, 1889-1899).
Muséum D’Histoire Naturelle, Bulletin (Paris, 1895-1910).
G. Beauverd, Bulletin de l’herbier Boissier, 2me série (Genéve, 1901-1908).
R. Pirotta, Annuario del istituto botanico di Roma (Milano, 1885-1908).
—Annali di Botanica (Roma, 1904-1910).
Sociedade Broteriana, Boletim (Coimbra, 1883-1910).
J. Lindley & Th. Moore, The treasury of botany (London, 1884).
J. C. Willis, A manual and dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, 3. ed. (Cambridge, 1908).
J. Wiesner, Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs, 2. Aufl. (Leipzig, 1900).
G. Dragendorff, Die Heilpflanzen (Stuttgart, 1898).
L. Lewin, Lehrbuch der Toxikologie, 2. Aufl. (Wien, 1897).
F. Macmillan, A handbook of tropical gardening and planting (Colombo, 1910).
M. Woodrow, Gardening in the tropics (Paisley, 1910).
A. Voss, Vilmorin’s Blumengärtnerei (Berlin, 1896).
A. Moloney, Sketch of the forestry of West Africa (London, 1887).
J. H. Holland, The useful plants of Nigeria (London, 1908).
R. Sadebeck, Die Kulturgewächse der deutschen Kolonien (Jena, 1899).
J. L. De lanessan, Les plantes utiles des colonies françaises (Paris, 1886).
G. Niederlein, Ressources végétales des colonies françaises (Paris, 1902).
A. Sebire, Les plantes utiles du Senegal (Paris, 1899).
A. Chevalier, Les végétaux utiles de l’Afrique tropicale française (Paris, 1905-1910).
E. Heckel, Les plantes utiles de Madagascar (Paris, 1910).
L. Cuoco, Fauna e flora medica ed industriale della colonia Eritrea (Napoli, 1897).
C. De Ficalho, Plantas uteis da Africa portugueza (Lisboa, 1884).
B. D. Jackson, A glossary of botanic terms, 2. ed. (London, 1905).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| KEY TO THE FAMILIES | ||
|---|---|---|
| PAGE | ||
| Gymnospermae | 1 | |
| Monocotyledoneae | 2 | |
| Apetalae | 6 | |
| Choripetalae | 18 | |
| Sympetalae | 49 | |
| KEY TO THE GENERA | ||
| I. CYCADALES. | ||
| 1. | Cycadaceae | 69 |
| II. CONIFERAE. | ||
| 2. | Taxaceae | 70 |
| 3. | Pinaceae | 70 |
| III. GNETALES. | ||
| 4. | Gnetaceae | 71 |
| IV. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE. | ||
| Pandanales. | ||
| 5. | Typhaceae | 72 |
| 6. | Pandanaceae | 73 |
| 7. | Sparganiaceae | 73 |
| Helobiae. | ||
| 8. | Potamogetonaceae | 73 |
| 9. | Naiadaceae | 75 |
| 10. | Aponogetonaceae | 75 |
| 11. | Scheuchzeriaceae | 75 |
| 12. | Alismataceae | 75 |
| 13. | Butomaceae | 77 |
| 14. | Hydrocharitaceae | 77 |
| Triuridales. | ||
| 15. | Triuridaceae | 78 |
| Glumiflorae. | ||
| 16. | Gramineae | 79 |
| 17. | Cyperaceae | 106 |
| Principes. | ||
| 18. | Palmae | 110 |
| Spathiflorae. | ||
| 19. | Araceae | 114 |
| 20. | Lemnaceae | 119 |
| Farinosae. | ||
| 21. | Flagellariaceae | 119 |
| 22. | Restionaceae | 119 |
| 23. | Mayacaceae | 120 |
| 24. | Xyridaceae | 121 |
| 25. | Eriocaulaceae | 121 |
| 26. | Rapateaceae | 121 |
| 27. | Bromeliaceae | 122 |
| 28. | Commelinaceae | 122 |
| 29. | Pontederiaceae | 123 |
| 30. | Cyanastraceae | 124 |
| Liliiflorae. | ||
| 31. | Juncaceae | 124 |
| 32. | Liliaceae | 125 |
| 33. | Haemodoraceae | 134 |
| 34. | Amaryllidaceae | 135 |
| 35. | Velloziaceae | 139 |
| 36. | Taccaceae | 139 |
| 37. | Dioscoreaceae | 140 |
| 38. | Iridaceae | 140 |
| Scitamineae. | ||
| 39. | Musaceae | 145 |
| 40. | Zingiberaceae | 146 |
| 41. | Cannaceae | 147 |
| 42. | Marantaceae | 148 |
| Microspermae. | ||
| 43. | Burmanniaceae | 149 |
| 44. | Orchidaceae | 150 |
| V. DICOTYLEDONEAE. | ||
| ARCHICHLAMYDEAE. | ||
| Verticillatae. | ||
| 45. | Casuarinaceae | 160 |
| Piperales. | ||
| 46. | Piperaceae | 161 |
| Salicales. | ||
| 47. | Salicaceae | 161 |
| Myricales. | ||
| 48. | Myricaceae | 162 |
| Juglandales. | ||
| 49. | Juglandaceae | 162 |
| Fagales. | ||
| 50. | Betulaceae | 162 |
| 51. | Fagaceae | 163 |
| Urticales. | ||
| 52. | Ulmaceae | 163 |
| 53. | Moraceae | 164 |
| 54. | Urticaceae | 168 |
| Proteales. | ||
| 55. | Proteaceae | 170 |
| Santalales. | ||
| 56. | Santalaceae | 172 |
| 57. | Opiliaceae | 173 |
| 58. | Grubbiaceae | 173 |
| 59. | Olacaceae | 173 |
| 60. | Octoknemataceae | 175 |
| 61. | Loranthaceae | 175 |
| 62. | Balanophoraceae | 176 |
| Aristolochiales. | ||
| 63. | Aristolochiaceae | 176 |
| 64. | Rafflesiaceae | 177 |
| 65. | Hydnoraceae | 177 |
| Polygonales. | ||
| 66. | Polygonaceae | 177 |
| Centrospermae. | ||
| 67. | Chenopodiaceae | 179 |
| 68. | Amarantaceae | 182 |
| 69. | Nyctaginaceae | 186 |
| 70. | Cynocrambaceae | 187 |
| 71. | Phytolaccaceae | 187 |
| 72. | Aizoaceae | 188 |
| 73. | Portulacaceae | 190 |
| 74. | Basellaceae | 191 |
| 75. | Caryophyllaceae | 191 |
| Ranales. | ||
| 76. | Nymphaeaceae | 197 |
| 77. | Ceratophyllaceae | 197 |
| 78. | Ranunculaceae | 197 |
| 79. | Berberidaceae | 199 |
| 80. | Memspermaceae | 199 |
| 81. | Anonaceae | 203 |
| 82. | Myristicaceae | 206 |
| 83. | Monimiaceae | 208 |
| 84. | Lauraceae | 209 |
| 85. | Hernandiaceae | 211 |
| Rhoeadales. | ||
| 86. | Papaveraceae | 211 |
| 87. | Capparidaceae | 213 |
| 88. | Cruciferae | 216 |
| 89. | Resedaceae | 228 |
| 90. | Moringaceae | 229 |
| Sarraceniales. | ||
| 91. | Nepenthaceae | 229 |
| 92. | Droseraceae | 230 |
| Rosales. | ||
| 93. | Podostemonaceae | 230 |
| 94. | Hydrostachyaceae | 231 |
| 95. | Crassulaceae | 232 |
| 96. | Saxifragaceae | 233 |
| 97. | Pittosporaceae | 235 |
| 98. | Cunoniaceae | 235 |
| 99. | Myrothamnaceae | 236 |
| 100. | Bruniaceae | 236 |
| 101. | Hamamelidaceae | 238 |
| 102. | Platanaceae | 238 |
| 103. | Rosaceae | 239 |
| 104. | Connaraceae | 243 |
| 105. | Leguminosae | 245 |
| Pandales. | ||
| 106. | Pandaceae | 289 |
| Geraniales. | ||
| 107. | Geraniaceae | 289 |
| 108. | Oxalidaceae | 290 |
| 109. | Tropaeolaceae | 291 |
| 110. | Linaceae | 291 |
| 111. | Humiriaceae | 292 |
| 112. | Erythroxylaceae | 292 |
| 113. | Zygophyllaceae | 293 |
| 114. | Cneoraceae | 295 |
| 115. | Rutaceae | 295 |
| 116. | Simarubaceae | 299 |
| 117. | Burseraceae | 301 |
| 118. | Meliaceae | 302 |
| 119. | Malpighiaceae | 306 |
| 120. | Polygalaceae | 308 |
| 121. | Dichapetalaceae | 309 |
| 122. | Euphorbiaceae | 309 |
| 123. | Callitrichaceae | 324 |
| Sapindales. | ||
| 124. | Buxaceae | 324 |
| 125. | Empetraceae | 325 |
| 126. | Coriariaceae | 325 |
| 127. | Anacardiaceae | 325 |
| 128. | Aquifoliaceae | 329 |
| 129. | Celastraceae | 329 |
| 130. | Hippocrateaceae | 332 |
| 131. | Salvadoraceae | 332 |
| 132. | Icacinaceae | 333 |
| 133. | Aceraceae | 335 |
| 134. | Sapindaceae | 335 |
| 135. | Melianthaceae | 342 |
| 136. | Balsaminaceae | 343 |
| Rhamnales. | ||
| 137. | Rhamnaceae | 343 |
| 138. | Vitaceae | 345 |
| Malvales. | ||
| 139. | Elaeocarpaceae | 347 |
| 140. | Chlaenaceae | 347 |
| 141. | Tiliaceae | 348 |
| 142. | Malvaceae | 350 |
| 143. | Bombacaceae | 353 |
| 144. | Sterculiaceae | 354 |
| 145. | Scytopetalaceae | 357 |
| Parietales. | ||
| 146. | Dilleniaceae | 358 |
| 147. | Ochnaceae | 359 |
| 148. | Theaceae | 360 |
| 149. | Guttiferae | 360 |
| 150. | Dipterocarpaceae | 363 |
| 151. | Elatinaceae | 363 |
| 152. | Frankeniaceae | 363 |
| 153. | Tamaricaceae | 364 |
| 154. | Cistaceae | 365 |
| 155. | Bixaceae | 365 |
| 156. | Cochlospermaceae | 366 |
| 157. | Winteranaceae | 366 |
| 158. | Violaceae | 366 |
| 159. | Flacourtiaceae | 367 |
| 160. | Turneraceae | 373 |
| 161. | Passifloraceae | 374 |
| 162. | Achariaceae | 376 |
| 163. | Caricaceae | 377 |
| 164. | Loasaceae | 377 |
| 165. | Begoniaceae | 377 |
| 166. | Ancistrocladaceae | 378 |
| Opuntiales. | ||
| 167. | Cactaceae | 378 |
| Myrtiflorae. | ||
| 168. | Geissolomataceae | 379 |
| 169. | Penaeaceae | 379 |
| 170. | Oliniaceae | 380 |
| 171. | Thymelaeaceae | 380 |
| 172. | Elaeagnaceae | 383 |
| 173. | Lythraceae | 383 |
| 174. | Sonneratiaceae | 385 |
| 175. | Punicaceae | 386 |
| 176. | Lecythidaceae | 386 |
| 177. | Rhizophoraceae | 387 |
| 178. | Alangiaceae | 389 |
| 179. | Combretaceae | 389 |
| 180. | Myrtaceae | 391 |
| 181. | Melastomataceae | 392 |
| 182. | Oenotheraceae | 397 |
| 183. | Halorrhagaceae | 399 |
| 184. | Cynomoriaceae | 400 |
| Umbelliflorae. | ||
| 185. | Araliaceae | 400 |
| 186. | Umbelliferae | 401 |
| 187. | Cornaceae | 414 |
| METACHLAMYDEAE. | ||
| Ericales. | ||
| 188. | Clethraceae | 414 |
| 189. | Ericaceae | 415 |
| Primulales. | ||
| 190. | Myrsinaceae | 417 |
| 191. | Primulaceae | 419 |
| 192. | Plumbaginaceae | 420 |
| Ebenales. | ||
| 193. | Sapotaceae | 421 |
| 194. | Hoplestigmataceae | 424 |
| 195. | Ebenaceae | 424 |
| 196. | Styracaceae | 425 |
| Contortae. | ||
| 197. | Oleaceae | 425 |
| 198. | Loganiaceae | 427 |
| 199. | Gentianaceae | 429 |
| 200. | Apocynaceae | 432 |
| 201. | Asclepiadaceae | 441 |
| Tubiflorae. | ||
| 202. | Convolvulaceae | 457 |
| 203. | Hydrophyllaceae | 462 |
| 204. | Borraginaceae | 463 |
| 205. | Verbenaceae | 467 |
| 206. | Labiatae | 470 |
| 207. | Solanaceae | 481 |
| 208. | Scrophulariaceae | 483 |
| 209. | Bignoniaceae | 495 |
| 210. | Pedaliaceae | 498 |
| 211. | Martyniaceae | 500 |
| 212. | Orobanchaceae | 500 |
| 213. | Gesneraceae | 500 |
| 214. | Lentibulariaceae | 501 |
| 215. | Globulariaceae | 502 |
| 216. | Acanthaceae | 502 |
| 217. | Myoporaceae | 515 |
| Plantaginales. | ||
| 218. | Plantaginaceae | 515 |
| Rubiales. | ||
| 219. | Rubiaceae | 516 |
| 220. | Caprifoliaceae | 533 |
| 221. | Valerianaceae | 534 |
| 222. | Dipsacaceae | 534 |
| Campanulatae. | ||
| 223. | Cucurbitaceae | 535 |
| 224. | Campanulaceae | 541 |
| 225. | Goodeniaceae | 544 |
| 226. | Compositae | 544 |
| Statistical Table | 585 | |
| Glossary of Botanical Terms | 591 | |
| Abbreviations of Authors’ Names | 600 | |
| List of Popular Names | 602 | |
| Additions and Corrections | 607 | |
| Index | 613 | |